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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stage 1
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lasts about 5 minutes
it is very easy to awaken a person in this stage Hypnic jerk |
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Stage 2
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sleep spindles (brief bursts of brain activity)
Easy to awaken a person in this stage, they know they've been asleep |
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Stage 3
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Delta waves = slow wave sleep
20% to 50% |
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Stage 4
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Delta waves = slow wave sleep
>50% resperation slows, blood lowers as does bodily temp |
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REM sleep
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(rapid eye movement)
after 1 hour, reverse sleep instead of stage 1 > REm brain activity higher than when you are awake. breathing & heart rate are fast and irregular |
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Sleep Apnea
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disorder characterized by the cessation of breathing during sleep
-snoring can be a sign -when the buscles in the base of throat relax and block airway. -irregular breathing followed by cessation |
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Narcolepsy
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Uncontrollably falling off to sleep
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Restorative Theory
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The theory that sleep restores the wear and tear on the body that occurs during the day
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Evolutionary Theory
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sleep, in our evolutionary development removes us from predatory animals that are nocturnal - this theory lacks any real supportive evidence
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Tips to help sleep aid
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-restrict sleeping hours to the same nightly patterns
-don't watch tv, or expose yourself to other stimuli in bed -avoid caffeinee in pop, coffee, or other stimulants -consider deep muscle relaxation or meditation |
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REM rebound
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happens when a person was deprived of REM sleep the night before,
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REM for infants
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They sleep 13 to 16 hours, and have a much higher percentage of REM sleep
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REM in the 40's
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slow wave sleep decreases and sleep is shallower and more fragmented
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REM in older years
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slow wave sleep decreases eve nmore in the older years and the quality of sleep declines
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Effects of Sleep Deprivation
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-rem rebound
- affects performance on cognitive tasks, and emotional states -impatience, agrivation, frustrated easily -(4 to 11 days) hallucinations, going crazy, anxiety, paranoi. change in temp, metabolism, and hormonal secretions |
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Nicotene
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can result in increased alertness, relaxation, irritability in addition to serious health consequences
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Freudian Theory
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dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. Dreams allow us to fulfill unconscious desires or wishes. Dreams have a manifest content (the obvious content) and a latent content (the symbolic content
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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the stimulus to which the organism responses without obvious evidence of prior learning
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Unconditioned response
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the organism's response to the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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the stimulus, which when paired with the unconditioned stimulus, will eventually elicit the same or similar response as the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned responses
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the response which is eventually elicited by th econditioned stimulus after it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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positive reinforcement
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a reward is presented immediately following a response and increases the likelihood of its recurrence
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negative reinforcement
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the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a desired response that increases the probablitity of the response's recurrence. For example; a loud whistle is usally aversive to cats. Whatever the cat does that leads tocessation of the unpleasant noise is likely to reoccur
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Experiment with pavlov and dogs
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He was interested in digestive system. He defined conditioned reflexes
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Conditioned emotional response
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a classical conditioning procedure in which the Unconditioned stimulus is always aversive or unpleasant. When a conditioned stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the organism may learn to avoid the unconditioned stimulus.
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Extinction
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extinction occurs when you no longer pair the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus and the organism gradually ceases to respond th econditioned stimulus.
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Systematic Desensitization
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progresssive gradual exposure to the conditioned stimulus without aversive consequences until the fear is extinguished.
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Modeling
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When a something is demonstration is shown to a subject, like playing with dogs for one who has a fear of dogs
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Stimulus Generalization
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the tendancy of an elicited conditioned response to be elicited by a stimulus that is similar, but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
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Primary Reinforcers
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those reinforcers, which seem to elicit responses without obvious evidence of prior learning. Usually they are related to bsic processes such as food, wter, or relief from pain
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Secondary reinforcers
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those reinforcers, which acquire reinforcing properties as a result of being consistently associatedd with primary reinforcers. Example: in the 1930's a chimpanzee was given a poker chips consistently with food. After a while, the poker chips could be used to teach the chimp new responses. Other examples of econdary reinfrocers are praise, money - anything that becomes a reinforcer that does nto satisfy basic biological need and presumably becoming reinforcers as a result of prior learning experiences.
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Interval schedules:
-fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
a rat is in a skinner box and is given a reward for pressing the bar for the first response after a fixed period of time - for example, after every two minutes
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Interval schedules:
-variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
A rat is given a reward for each bar presss after varying intervals of time - for example, the first bar press after 3 minutes, after 1, after 4, after 2, etc
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Ratio schedules:
-fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
time is irrelavant.
- the rat is given a reinforcer for pressing the bar after a fixed number of responses - forexampleafter every 3 bar presses |
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Ratio schedules:
-Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
the rat is given a reinforcer after varying number of responses (bar presses) - for example, after the rat presses the bar 6 times, 3 times, 8 times, 4 times, etc
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The Aha experience
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Kohler explained the behavior of chimps in the above situation as an emotional one in which the suddenly “caught on” after being frustrated with other attempts in to obtain the reward
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Storage
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the process of retaining information in memory
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Retrievel
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the process of recalling or attempting to recall memories
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longterm memory
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Long Term Memory can hold a huge amount of Information or a long time – hours or years. It is analogous to storing or saving information on the hard drive of a computer.
-When a child first sees a turtle, it may enter memory because of the time, place and location (episodic) but after the word turtle acquires meaning as a term for a class of reptiles, then it becomes semantic memory. Episodic memories of your own life are called autobiographical memories. |
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short term memory
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Short Term Memory may involve retention for about 30 seconds, but ONLY if rehearsal is allowed - otherwise it lasts only for a second or two. A good example is a telephone number that you have just looked up and don’t plan to call again – such as a number of a department store or restaurant. We usually remember Chunks – a Chunk is a unit of information such as a digit, letter, or word. Usually, people can hold only about 5 to 9 Chunks in Short Term Memory
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