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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Identify: Social Institution
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a major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs
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Identify: economy
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- The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
- In technologically simple societies, economic activity is simply part of family life - The agricultural Revolution (5,000 years ago) made the economy a distinct social institution based on agricultural technology, specialized work, permanent settlements, and trade - The Industrial Revolution (beginning around 1750) expanded the economy based on new sources of energy and specialized work in factories that turned raw material into finished products - The postindustrial economy is based on a shift to service work and computer technology |
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Identify: postindustrial economy
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a productive system based on service work and high technology
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Identify: primary sector
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the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment
- is of greatest importance (20% of the economy) in low-income nations |
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Identify: secondary sector
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the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
- is a significant share (26-32%) of the economy in low-, middle- and high-income nations |
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Identify: tertiary sector
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the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
-Is the largest sector (49-72%) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries |
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Identify: global economy
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economic activity that crosses national borders
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Identify: capitalism
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an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing foods and services are privately owned
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Compare capitalism and Socialism
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Capitalism= is based on private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit in a competitive marketplace.
Socialism =is grounded in collective ownership of productive property through government control of the economy. Greater productivity (C) vs. Less Productivity (S) Higher Overall standard of living (C) vs. Lower overall standard of living (S) Greater income inequality(C) vs. Less income inequality (S) Freedom to act according to self-interest (C) vs. Freedom from basic want (S) |
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Identify: Socialism
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an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned
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Identify: welfare capitalism
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an economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs
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Identify: state capitalism
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an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government
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Identify:profession
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a prestigious white-collar occupation that requires extensive formal education
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Identify: corporation
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an organization with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members
-form the core of US economy -The largest corporations, which are conglomerates, account for most corporate assets and profits - Many large corporations operate as multinationals, producing and distributing products in nations around the world |
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Identify: monopoly
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the domination of a market by a single producer
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Identify: oligopoly
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the domination of a market by a few producers
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Explain "Jobs in the postindustrial US economy"
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-Agricultural work represents only 1% of jobs.
-Blue-collar, industrial work has declined to 23% of jobs - White-collar service work has increased to 76% of jobs |
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Explain "Self-Employment in the postindustrial US economy"
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-7.4% of US workers are self-employed
- Many professionals fall into this category, but most self-employed people have blue-collar jobs |
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Explain "Unemployment in the postindustrial US economy"
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-has many causes, including the operation of the economy itself.
- In 2005, 5.1% of the country's labor force was unemployed -At highest risk for unemployment are young people and African Americans |
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Identify: politics
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-The social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals and makes decisions
- Max Weber claimed that raw power is transformed into "legitimate authority" in three ways: 1. Preindustrial societies rely on tradition to transform power into authority. "Traditional authority" is closely linked to kinship/ 2. As societies industrialize, the expansion of rational bureaucracy is linked to the rise of "rational-legal authority", which is closely linked to offices and law. 3. At any time, however, some individuals transform power into authority through charisma. "Charismatic authority" is linked to extraordinary personal qualities (found in JC, Adolf Hitler, and Mahtma Gandhi) |
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Identify: power
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the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
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Identify: government
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a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
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Identify: authority
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power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
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Identify: routinization of charisma
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the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority
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Identify: monarchy
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a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
- is common in agrarian societies, leadership is based on kinship |
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Identify: democracy
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a political system that gives power to the people as whole
- is common in modern societies; leadership is linked to elective office |
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Identify: authoritarianism
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a political system that denies the people participation in government
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Identify: totalitarianism
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a highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives
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Expound upon Politics in the US
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1. US government has expanded over the past 2 centuries, although the "welfare state" in the US is smaller than in most other high-income nations
2. The "political spectrum", from the liberal left to the conservative right, involves attitudes on both economic issues and social issues 3. "special-interest groups" advance the political aims of specific segments of the population. 4. "voter apathy" runs high in the US: Only 60% of eligible voters went to the polls in the 2004 presidential election |
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Identify: welfare state
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a system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population
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Identify: pluralist model
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an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
-claims that political power is spread widely in the US |
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Identify: power-elite model
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an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
-claims that power is concentrated in a small, wealthy segment of the population |
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Identify: Marsixt Political-economy model
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an analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's economic system
-claims that our political agenda is determined by a capitalist economy, so true democracy is impossible |
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Identify: political revolution
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the overthrow of one political system in order to establish another
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Identify: terrorism
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acts of violence or the threat of violence used as a political strategy by an individual or a group.
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Identify: military-industrial complex
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the close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries
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According to the Pluralist Model of politics, how is power spread throughout society?
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Power is spread widely, so that all groups have some voice
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According to the Power-Elite Model of politics, how is power spread throughout society?
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Power is concentrated in the hands of top business, political, and military leaders
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According to the Marxist Political-Economy Model of politics, how is power spread throughout society?
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Power is directed by the operation of the capitalist economy.
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According to the Pluralist Model of politics, is the US a democracy?
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Yes. Power is spread widely enough to make the country a democracy.
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According to the Power-Elite Model of politics, is the US a democracy?
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No. Power is too concentrated for the country to be a democracy.
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According to the Marxist Political-Economy Model of politics, is the US a democracy?
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No. The capitalist economy sets political decision making, so the country is not a democracy
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The economy is a social institution that guides
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-the production of goods and services
-the distribution of goods and services -the consumption of goods and services |
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Building houses and making cars are examples of production in what economic sector?
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the secondary sector
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The globalization of the economy is causing what?
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-Certain areas of the world specialize in one sector of economic activity
-Industrial jobs in the Us are being lost -More and more products pass through several nations |
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Socialist economies differ from capitalist economies by
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creating more economic equality
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The largest 1,900 corporations, each with assets exceeding $2.5 billion, represent about what share of all corporate assets in the US?
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75%
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Modern societies, including the US, rely mostly on which type of authority?
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rational-legal authority
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In which type of political system does power reside in the hands of the people as a whole?
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democracy
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In the 2004 US presidential election, about what share of registered voters actually cast a vote?
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60%
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The Marxist political-economy model suggest that
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An antidemocratic bias is built into the capitalist system
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Which of the following wars resulted in the highest loss of life to people in the US?
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Civil War
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