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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Provide a framework for thinking about disease processes, which will serve as an invaluable guide throughout pathology and medicine.
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no
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Introduce terminology and traditional concepts upon which general pathology is based.
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no
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Summarize the important etiologies and mechanisms of cell injury.
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etiology: cause of disease
7 types: Hypoxia - lack of O2 in tissue due to either ischemia (deficient blood supply), cardiopulmonary failure, or anemia Physical - trauma, extreme cold/heat/pressure, radiation, electricity Chemicals/drugs - salts, mercury, etc Infectious pathogens: viruses bacteria, fungi, parasites Immunologic: analphylaxis hypersensitive allergic reaction Genetic: always congenital (point mutations, insertions, deletions, translocations, etc) Nutritional imbalance: calorie, protein, vitamin deficiency, dietary excess |
Mechanisms of Cell injury:
Intracellular malfunctioning: compromised cell membrane, aerobic respiration, protein synthesis, genetic machinery Ischemic/Hypoxic: reversible type: oxidative phosphorylation, causes cell swelling irreversible type: lysosomal with enzyme leakage --> cytoplas leads to destruction/consumption of the entire cell Irreversible: ATP depletion --> no more cellular energy Mitochondrial damage --> no more energy and released proteins cause apoptosis Innappropriate Ca influx --> chaotically activates enzymes which will cause apoptosis Free radical (reactive oxygen species) accumulation --> widely damages DNA, proteins, lipids Cell membrane damage: an occurence common to all these irreversible mechanisms |
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Describe the cellular components that are damaged when cells are injured.
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Genetic material, proteins, cell membrane, lysosomes, and mitochondria
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Define necrosis and compare the different types of tissue necrosis.
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Necrosis is the conversion of dead cells to debris in a living organism. by definition, this occurs due to tissue death and is always pathologic. MUST occur in living organism
6 types of necrosis: 1) coagulative: associated with ischemia, cell outline preserved, but nucleus fades (karyolysis) and genetic material becomes fragmented (karyorrhexis) 2) liquefactive: massive release of lytic enzymes --> cell lysis; compare: autolytic (enzymes released by injured tisue) vs. heterolysis (released by inflammatory cells) 3) caseous: combo of coagulative and liquefactive, tissue specimens look like cheese 4) fat: saponification (fat--> soap) of adipose tissue; In fat necrosis the enzyme lipase releases fatty acids from triglycerides. The fatty acids then complex with calcium to form soaps. These soaps appear as white chalky deposits 5) fibrinoid: injury to connective tissue (relevant protein is fibrin), associated with acute immunological response and vascular disease. 6) gangrenous: extremities lose blood supply and bacteria take over; bacteria + leukocytes induce liquefaction; dry gangrene: coagulative; wet gangrene: liquefactive |
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Define apoptosis and its importance in normal and abnormal cellular processes.
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apoptosis: programmed cell death that is not always pathological; unlike necrosis, will not incur an inflammatory response
normal apoptosis: occurs in embryogenesis, hormone-deprived tissues (endometrial cell sloughed off during menstruation), deleting some portion of proliferating cells, immune system (to kill lymphocytes and prevent autoimmunt disorders) abnormal apoptosis: destroys cells with major DNA damage, accumulated misfolded proteins, viral infections, pathologic atrophy, induction of cell death via cytotoxic CD8 T cells, and other agents (drugs, heat, radiation) |
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Define and contrast cellular adaptations including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
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Atrophy: size decrease in a cell or organ; has different causes such as lack of innervation or blood supply; organ atrophy due to either shrinkage, loss of cells, or fibrosis (connective tissue scarring)
Hypertrophy: size increase in cell or organ; example is uterus during pregnancy Hyperplasia: increased number of cells hormonal: breast enlargement during puberty or pregnancy compensatory: liver regeneration pathologic: growth hormone overstimulation Metaplasia: conversion of one cell type to another cell type Ex: Chrnoic bronchitis: pseudostratified columnar epithelium --> squamous |
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