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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
microbe |
-microorganism or microscopic organism that cannot be seen with the naked eye -only with a microscope |
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basic research vs applied microbiology |
1. basic research microbiology: study and classification of microbes/microbial processes/diseases -subfields: taxonomy, bacteriology, mycology, phycology, virology, etc -provides foundations for applied microbiology 2. applied microbiology: applying basic understanding of microbial processes and interactions -subfields: infection control, chemotherapy, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, etc -antibiotics |
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microbial diversity |
-more abundant than any other living organism -more diverse than plants/animals -found anywhere on earth with living water (why NASA looks for planets with water - microbes symbiotic with organisms) -primary producers (produce organic biomass from inorganic compounds) -cycle materials from inorganic to organic or organic to inorganic |
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infectious diseases |
-when microbes grow and multiply after entering the body -most microbes do not cause disease⭐️ -20th century = switch from infectious diseases to heart disease/cancer/stroke being the top three causes of death in the U.S. - due to antibiotics/vaccines/government controlling sewage tmt -still influenza/pneumonia/septicimia/etc are top 10 |
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Aristotle |
-spontaneous generation: living things arising from non-living (dead meat produces maggots) |
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Pasteur |
-disproved spontaneous generation -swan-neck flask experiment: with swan neck no microbes appear in sterilized broth, without neck microbes do appear in sterilized broth -germ theory of disease: microbes come from envmt, do not spontaneously arise
-Pasteur also worked on fermentation (yeast turning sugar to ethanol), pasteurization (eliminating organisms from wine), and vaccinations (rabies and others) |
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Hooke |
-coined term "cells" -said all organisms are made of cells |
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van Leeuwenhoek |
-invented first microscope -first person to visualize microbe -(wasn't even a scientist, was a merchant examining fibers of cloths) |
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Jenner |
-first vaccine (smallpox) -noticed milk maids didn't get the disease because exposure to cowpox gave immunity -involuted a young boy with cowpox, waited, then injected with smallpox -first disease to be eradicated (late 1970s) |
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Semmelweis |
-advocated hand-washing (single most important way to avoid infectious diseases) -women more likely to die in hospital than at home during childbirth - because physicians didn't wash hands and spread disease from patient to patient |
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Metchnikoff |
-discovered phagocytic cells (cells than engulf other cells) |
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Snow |
-began epidemiology: investigating how diseases spread -showed how cholera spreads in contaminated water supply |
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Koch |
-stated Koch's postulates: criteria to establish causal relationship between microbe and disease -also stated one microbe one disease idea: every disease is caused by one microbe (not always true; some are polymicrobial) |
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Gram |
-invented Gram stain to differentiate G+/- bacteria |
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Lister |
-invented aseptic techniques in surgery |
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Ehrlich |
-pharmacist who created "magic bullets" for disease - mixing and matching chemicals that selectively kill disease without harming human cells -developed Salvarsan to treat syphilis -his approach is being used today - personalized medicine is the future of medicine - patients will get specific mix ifnchemicals in appropriate amounts for their condition/body |
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Fleming |
-discovered first antibiotic (penicillin) |
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Griffith |
-discovered genetic transformations: process by which bacteria can take up "naked" DNA from environment |
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Watson & Crick |
-discovered and described the structure of DNA |
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tree of life |
-all living things evolved from a common unicellular prokaryotic ancestor -diversified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya -scientists look at ribosomal RNA to make evolutionary tree -three domains replaced five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - all prokaryotes were grouped in Monera -viruses aren't in any kingdoms/domains because nonliving and acellular |
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hallmarks of cells |
1. cell membrane: defines cell boundaries and controls flow of chemicals in/out 2. genetic material: DNA organized into one or more chromosomes -some cells have extrachromosomal DNA (DNA in plasmids, mitochondrial DNA, or chloroplast DNA) -we focus on plasmids 3. self-replication: all cells can multiply and divide on their own 4. regulation: regulate flow of chemicals across membranes 5. similar macromolecules: proteins/lipids/polysaccharides/nucleic acids, typically polymers (lipids aren't true polymers though) 6. energy use: all require energy |
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early life |
-microbes were first life forms -simple organic molecules (like amino acids) can be formed from inorganic molecules -bya: earth began to cool, first organic molecules formed, became more complex, formed first cells, then bacteria/archaea/eukarya -first life forms had genetic code of RNA instead of DNA -archaea: do not cause diseases, good/useful organisms, grow in extreme conditions -bacteria, archaea, and eukarya all have common ancestor because genetic similarities |
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differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
1. size: eu > pro 2. nucleus: eu = membrane-bound nucleus, pro = nucleoid region 3. membrane-bound organelles: unique to eukaryotes (no organelles in pro/archaea), endosymbiosis (early cell engulfed a prokaryote but didn't digest) 4. DNA differences: eu = linear DNA, pro = circular DNA + plasmids 5. ribosomal differences: (organelles that synthesize proteins) size and composition differs between eu and pro 6. cell wall differences: both eu and pro may or may not have cell walls, eu have chitin and cellulose, bacteria have peptidoglycan/murein (polymer of sugar and amino acids), archaeans have pseudopeptidoglycan/pseudomurein -most antibiotics break down bacterial cell walls - penicillin interferes with peptidoglycan production, works on bacterial but not fungal infections (fungi don't have peptidoglycan) |
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plasmids |
-small circular bits of "bonus" DNA -can contain bacterial resistance genes or disease-causing genes -can be transferred between bacteria (unlike extrachromosomal DNA in mitochondria/chloroplasts) -provides mechanism for spreading antibiotic resistance (if plasmid has antibiotic resistance gene) or spreading infection (if plasmid has infectious genes) |
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viruses |
-nonliving, acellular 1. lack cell membranes 2. genetic material is often RNA not DNA 3. cannot self-replicate 4. cannot regulate the flow of materials across their membranes (because don't have membranes) 5. cannot use or produce energy -also smaller than prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -called nonliving infectious agents because are obligate intraceullar parasites: cannot grow and reproduce outside of host -other nonliving infectious agents: prions and viroids (prions cause mad cow disease) |