Ir Final

Guns, missiles, tanks

Ideas (to attract the person on the other side)

Multiple states engaging in diplomacy

A tool we use to help understand where there might be conflict any where there be cooperation

If someone gains more when you both win, it's like you lost.

Situations where we all benefit. Look at absolute benefits not relative.

We try to reduce the amount of losses both incur

-Actors are rational

-Actors interact

-Set "payoffs" for each outcome

A benefit that doesn't directly relate to what is made, but has something to do with it.

You build up nuclear weapons/sophisticated weapons.

You give nuclear weapons to other countries

Countries come together for protection

-Arms races increase tension

-Historical context

-Disputes over territory

-Shifts in power

-Contiguity

Anti-Terrorism is a defensive approach that you prepare yourself for the inevitable, whereas, counter-terrorism is offensive and a direct attack.

It ties all of us together

Makes sense to work on what you do better than you would do another thing. You get someone to do a task for you so you can work towards what you're best at.

-To maintain relationships

A collection of states that meet to see what trade rules they all want to play by. They also enforce the rules through sanctions.

A government giving more money to a business to help them to compete better.

The norm in the international system

-Requires a medium of exchange

*must be accepted by all, hold value, have predictable value, be portable, be a place to store wealth

Consumers, particular sectors of the economy (imports/exports), jobs, financial flows (aid, debt, FDI), health of the overall economy.

Programs to change the structure of an economy. **When an economy is so bad and there is a high debt to the IMF.

--SAPs are about liberalization. When you borrow you have to restructure your economy which can and is done form privatization.

When another country is making your economy for you. (Problematic b/c it's like giving sovereignty)

It burns through capital (monetary, physical)

Foreign aid. Better when the conditions are monitored.

International Governmental Organization

International Non-Governmental Organizations

Run on the principle of reciprocity. They are for security, trade, resources.

**When shared norms and habits may not suffice to solve international dilemmas, these are the institutions that focus on fixing them.

By cooperating in smaller functional issues you will increase cooperation in bigger issues (ties through interdependence)

Problems that cross borders and require global attention.

The idea that civilian leaders are at the top of the chain of command

The interaction of civilians and military leaders

When the tension between the civilian leadership and their military force becomes too sharp there will be a blow against the state.

When coups are successful, military forces themselves control of the government

The expectations actors hold about international relations (rules on how to act/operate)

(An IO) Because no one world power can/should perform the function of coordinating the actions of states for mutual benefit, the UN serves this function.

State sovereignty limits the power of the UN b/c govs reserve power to themselves and are stingy in delegating it to the UN or anyone else.

**Although the UN strengthens world order, it acknowledges the realities of international anarchy and the unwillingness of states to surrender sovereignty.

-States gain leverage by using the UN to seek more beneficial/outcomes in conflicts.

-A forum where states promote their views and bring their disputes

-A mechanism for conflict resolution in international security affairs

-International stability that the UN tries to safeguard

-Helps countries realize gains from trade and other exchanges

-UN is a symbol of international order and global identity

Responsible for maintaining international peace and security and for restoring peace when it breaks down.

-Its decisions are binding on all UN member states

-Has power to define the existence and nature of a security threat

-Structure responses to threats and enforce them

-5 permanent members: USA, Britain, France, Russia, and China.

Derives from tradition and agreements signed by states rather than actions of a legislative branch.

Interested in how actors define their national interests, threats to those national interests, and their interests' relationship to one another.

**Puts IR in the context of broader social relations.

**States decide what they want based not only on material need, but also on "social" interaction.

As world population grows, existing shortages will be multiplied.

B/c domestic and international political decisions help define scarcities and response to them

Whenever all claimants to a resource cannot simultaneously have all of that resource they need or want.

-Create a method that increases the supply of a resource

-Decrease the demand for these resources by using less

-Substitution: substitute the resource by finding alternatives

-Emergence of new technologies

-The assertion that there are universal human rights to which people and groups are entitled and when they're violated are subject to penalty

-An interest in some form of international mechanism for dealing w/ violations of these norms

Document that defined modern war crimes precedent

-Established the International Military Tribunal as the court that would try alleged war crimes (set the precedent for a formal body)

-The agreement established the boundaries of its jurisdiction which have become the standard means for defining war crimes.

-Crimes against peace (planning, preparing, initiating, or waging war)

-War crimes (violations of laws or customs of war)

-Crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, enslavement, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population before or during war)

-The developed world has a moral obligation to assist the process

-Spreading the prosperity is in the enlightened self-interests of the developed world

The extent to which the earth's climate is gradually increasing in temperature due to human actions or natural processes

Provided the most comprehensive set of regulations and guidelines that had occurred to that point

-The absence of immediate consequences of whether change is occurring

-There are abundant scientific disagreements about parameters of the problem and its solution

-Almost all projections have, until recently, been sufficiently far in the future to allow considerable disagreement and to discourage resolution