Is Lec - Finals (Vle)

Methods used in serological test

term for the aggregation of soluble test antigens and soluble antibodies to form a visible insoluble complex

the process whereby specific antigens aggregate to form larger visible clumps when the corresponding specific Antibody is present in the serum

It may be needed to indicate visibly an Ag-Ab complex taken place

Examples

Passive agglutination vs Active

Carrier particles example LPB CR

Latex agglutination

Coagglutination and liposome- enhanced testing uses

Highly specific, but not sensitive for detecting

Pregnancy testing used to detect minute amounts of ____

hCG is secreted by _______; First 6 to 8weeks, hCG helps maintain ______ and stimulate production of______

hCG double every 2 to 3 days and reached its peak approximately

This glycoprotein hormone consists of two noncovalently subunits

The alpha subunit is identical to (3) that is why beta subunit is the one being detected by many kits

Pregnancy kits contain __morp___ antibody against Beta subunit

Agglutination inhibition for hCG

If hCG is present

Two phases of agglutination

Factors affecting agglutination reactions

TM PC

Types of Agglutination reactions

1. Direct Bacterial Agglutination

5. Explain viral Hemagglutination inhibition

It is an interaction of soluble antigen with antibodies, results in formation of precipitate/ Floccules

Used for (2) / ex. of tests

He described lattice hypothesis based on the assumption that each antibody molecule must have at least two binding sites and antigen must be multivalent

Precipitation positive indication

Radial vs Double ID

2 methods in RID

It is used to determine the quantity or concentration of Antigen, antibody, complement etc.

Used for the comparison of antigens

Different identities

Measurement of precipitation by Light scattering

Passive Immunodiffusion technique

- precipitation of Ag-Ab complexes in in supporting gel medium known as

ROCKET ELECTROPHORESIS known as

It invovles the electrophoresis of protein through agarose matrix containing monospecific antibodies

which forms

Seperation of charged molecules by migration through matrix due to application of an electrical field

Immunoelectrophoresis

- a double diffusion technique that involves electrophoresis of urine or serum followed by ____

1.1 Simultaneous electrophoresis of antigen and. antibody in gel opposite direction

at pH of 8.6 , antigen moves to

Useful in detection of

-

-

-

3. COMPLEMENT FIXATION

complement only bind to

indicator system are

Antibody bound to antigen is fixed with ______

Next, add indicator cells

(+) if

4. NEUTRALIZATION TEST detects

hhh

---

Advantage of labeled immunoassay than ag-ab

Types

Major formats of all labeled assays

Heterogeneous vs Homogeneous

1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

year 1959 by (2)

most popular used is

Incorporated into the protein & emits gamma radiation that can be detected by

Disadvantages

Main concept

as the concentration of unlabeled antigen increases, ____ will occupies the antigen binding site. Thus _____ Radioactivity

-

2. Enzyme Immunoassays

- enzyme reacts with substrate to produce breakdown that maybe CFL

Common enzymes used as labels ABH G

Direct ELISA

- detects ____

Indirect ELISA

- detects _____

and mostly used

Sandwich ELISA d

- detects _____

- it uses how many antibodies

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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY

discovered by

Fluorescent compounds called

fluorochromes can absorb incident light source and convert that energy into light.

Time of absorption & emission of f is very short and measured _______

Compounds used are (2)

---

CHEMILUMINESCENCE IMMUNOASSAY

- emission of light caused by a chemical reaction

Common substances: ALNR

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VIRAL & SEROLOGICAL TESTING

Immune defenses against viral infections

• first barrier

•Nonspecific defenses (2)

these (2) enhance activity of NK cells

Intracellular viral requires cell mediated such as

Th1 secretes

IL-2 (assists in development CTLs) how

Cytotoxic t lymphocytes

IgM antibodies indicates (2)

IgG signifies either

IgM in newborn's serum indicates

IgG?

1. HEPATITIS

1.1 HAV also known as

caused by non-enveloped ssRNA virus from family of

Transmission

Incubation

Recovery

Transmission and how the virus manifests in the body

Epidemiology (2)

Diagnosis

•Clinical manifestation

•Viral antigen (4)

• Viral antibodies

Control

•No specific control

•Improve hygiene & sanitation

•Human Immunoglobulin

__ IU anti Hep A /kg

primary marker in detecting acute hepatitis

1.2 HEV

caused by a non-enveloped, ssRNAfrom the family of

Incubation

1.3 HBV also known as

what family

Characteristics

Transmission

Incubation

a small pleomorphic particle (20-22nm) in tubular form which is an excess viral capsid released into the blood stream

dsDNA forms (3)

How many antigen?

Host defenses

Diagnosis

•Electron microscopy

(3)

Control

•Passive immunization

- ____ IU within 48 hrs

-neonates

• Active

compelte HBV that causes infection

HBV ANTIGENS

1. HBsAg

2. HBeAg

3. HBcAg

HBV ANTIBODIES

1. Anti-HBs

- appears during

- Persist for years

Anti-HBs also appear after immunization which consists of _____ HBsAg produced from genetically engineered _____

What is the protective titer

2. Anti-HBe

-indication of ______

- along with (2)

3. Anti-HBc IgM

- means

- useful in detecting information during ______

consider as most specific indication of the virus

4. Anti-HBc IgG

can persist fpr lifetime

Chronic persistent hepatitis vs Chronic Active Hepatitis

Other chronic Hepatitis B are

a serological marker for recovery & immunity and probably the major protective antibodies in this disease

-

h

h

1.4 HBC also known as

from teh family of enveloped, ssRNA

Transmission

Incubation

Most are asymptomatic that progress to

HCV antigen can be doen by using

Use to diagnose HC infection

For confirmatory

--

g

1.5 HDV also knwon as

occur in the presence of

Can occur in (2) ways

IgM anti-HDV

IgG anti-HDV

HDV RNA means

+

HIV & AIDS

Caused by an icosahedral enveloped virus of Lentivirua subfamily of

In 1983, scientist led by __________ discovered what causes AIDS and named as

In Us, _______renamed as

Formation of cDNA are encoded by

•_____

• producesDNA polymerase, endonuclease, protease

It codes for 2 glycoprotein such as gp41 & gp120

HIV-1 classified into 4 groups

has lower rate of transmission and less pathogenic

Transmission (3)

Viral replication

#1 Virus attaches to host cells CD4 ANTIGEN known as ______

other cells that express this antigen are

DL MMM

T tropic vs M-tropic

#2 Viral penetration involves co-receptirs ( belongs to the family of CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS) such as (2)

This will allow ebtry by inducing conformational changes in ____

#3 Uncoating

#4 Reverse transcriptase produce ______

#5Nuclear entry & integration. to the host cell's genome as PROVIRUS by

4 genotype

Genotype 1 &2

Genotype 3 & 4

-

-

;

-

;

Treatment and prevention of hiv

-

-

-

7-

-

most individuals develop antibody to the virus within ________ months after exposure

it has been the cornerstone of screening process for hiv because easy to perform can be adapted to a large number of samples and highly sensitive and specific

1. First generation

- indirect antibody system that detect antibody only to _____

2. second generation

- utilize highly purified recombinant or synthetic antigen from both ______ and _______

3. Third generation

if uses the sandwich test based on the ability of antibody to bind with more than one _____

4. Fourth generation

- most recent assays can simultaneously detect (3)

5. 5th generation one of these assay is _________ immunoassays that detect both hiv antibody and antigen similar to fourth generation that can differentiate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection