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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mitochondria: general function
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Main function: convert chemical fuels into energy from that drive cellular reactions ex: ATP syn via oxidative phosphorylation
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Mitochondria:
- location - membrane number -functions function of membrances |
present in ALL mature eukaryotic cells (except RBC)
-2 - outter: voltage depent transport - permeable to water, small molecules. has receptors and enzymes -inner: impermeable, which allows ATP production by creating a steep concentration and electrical gradient |
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Porins
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make up voltage dependent transport channels on the outer membrane of the mitochondria. They allow small molecules to permeate through the membrane.
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cardiolipin
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phospholipid should in the inner membrane. it is impermeable to most small molecules and ions. have ion pumps and transport systems.
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cristae
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folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
-increases membrane surface. |
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intermembrane space
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area between teh iner and outer membrane
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matrix
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internal to the inner membrane, relatively electron dnse
-soluble enzyme sof the citric acid cycle (krebs) -enzymes of B-fatty acid oxidation - close circular double stranded mitochondrial DNA -ribosomal RNA -tranferase RNA -messenger RNA -enzymes for mitochondrial protein sysnthesis |
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Mitochondria functions
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1. ATP synthesis
2. beta oxidation of fatty acids 3. steriod hormone synthesis 4. elongation of fatty acid chains 5. Ca2+ storage 6. initiation of apoptosis from within cell |
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Perioxisomes
general function - number of membrance |
also called microbodies
- break down cytotoxic hyrogen peroxide and site of oxygen utilization -1 |
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Perioxisomes functions
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1. oxidize organic substrates and generate hydrogen peroxide, ex: alcohol
2. destroy h2o2, enzymes that creat h2o2 are segregated in teh perioxisome 3. the long chains on FA are shorted by perioxisomes before b oxidation takes place |
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Lysosome
# of membrane pH |
degrade macromolecules with hydrolytic enzymes
- 1 - 5 |
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vesicular transport
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how lysosomes move substances from one cellular compartment to another
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endocytosis
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the engulfing of a substance into the cell
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early and late endosomes
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ingested material is enclosed by a plasma membrance and formed endocytic vescile. The vesicle then fuse with a early endosome and then to late endosome which mature into a lysosome by their fusion with vessicles that contain lysosomal enzymes.
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residual bodies
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-aka, lipofuscin - indicates aging
-indegestible material that remains in lysosomes |
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Lysosome functions:
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1. degrades wornout or excess organelles by autophagy
2. digestion of material taken inot cells 3. thyroid hormone secretion 4. resorption of bone 5. tissue remodeling 6. source of cell nutrients in starvation |
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endocytosis
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the process in which fluid and macromoleculees enter the cell
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking - ingestion of fluid and small proteins by the formation of vesicles at the cell surface
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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uptake of specific molecules into the cell, ligand must bind to receptor on teh cell surface
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phagocytosis
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eating by cells. cell processes surround solid materials and fuse together to form vesicle. Then then fuse with a lysosome too.
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autophagy
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intracellular proteins are degraded by lysosoems
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proteasomes
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large multienzyme protease complexes that breakdown single proteins in the cytoplasm
-barrel shaped particles |
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ubiquitin
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small polypeptide used to mark proteins that needs to be destroyed by proteasome.
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