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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Classical Synthesis
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--all the chaos from Sunnism, Shiism, and Kharijites comes to form the classical synthesis of islam.
--debates abt law, theo, phil, etc. are all part of it --wherever history took/takes islam, it will remain in coversation w/ its classical synthesis |
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Arabization
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--when a non-arab area gradually changes into one that speaks arabic and incorporates arab culture
--this happened in spain but not in india |
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Tariq bin Ziyad
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--famous umayyad general who led the Visogoths into Spain in 711
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Jabal Tariq
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--Gibralter
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'Abd al-Rahman I
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--founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordova
--made his way into N. Africa and Spain and rallied support of the Muslim community b/c he was an Umayyad from Quaraysh |
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Umayyads of Spain
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--established by 'Abd al Rahman
--when the caliphate was est., it meant there were 3 caliphs --Spain became highly regarded under the Umayyads --mostly Maliki |
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Fatimids
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--Ismaili shi'it dynasty that starts in north africa and built Cairo
--known for showing a degree of religious tolerance --ruled Egypt |
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Caliphate of Cordova
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--umayyad caliphate of Spain
--period of remarkable success in trade and culture |
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Period of Petty Kings
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--1030-1090
--political fragmentation --they try and continue the arab-hispanic culture of spain, but they are fractured --don't persecute Christians or Jews |
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Almoravids
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--maliki Berber dynasty in Spain and N. Africa
--anti-sufi --took over after the period of petty kings --they represent an attempt to preserve Muslim rule in Spain |
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Almohads
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--Zahirite Dynasty in Spain
--defeated the Almoravids --in power from 1147-1269 --the are representative of the fragmentation that begins to befall Spain |
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Ibn Hazm
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--Spain
--Zahirite scholar who wrote on law, theology, mysticism, and love |
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Ibn Rushd
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--Spain
--Maliki jurist --famous philosopher --imp. work of comparative islam called "The Jurist's Primer" |
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Mainmonides
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--Spain
--Jewish scholar |
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Moriscos
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--refers to muslims once they were expelled from or supressed within Spain
--they were forced to convert to Catholicism but they were secretly suspected of practicing Islam --produced aljamiado which was literature that circulated threwout the muslim community in Spain |
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aljamiado
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--literature produced by the moriscos in Spain
--means by which the Muslim Community tried to hold onto its religion while disguising themselves as Christians |
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Mongol conquest of Baghdad
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--1258
--end of abbasids in Baghdad |
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Caliph
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--Sunni
--leader/ruler of muslim community with a degree of religious and political authority. (not enough power to collect taxes on his own) --ultimately there were 3 caliphs ruling (abassid, umayyad, fatimid) --many times a relationship was built between the caliph and his army which was mutually beneficial --power and authority of caliph declines after the Crusades |
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Sultan
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--power but no authority
--non arab so they can never become caliph |
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Mamluk Sultanate
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--Slave aristocracy
--1250-1517 --ruled Egypt and Syria and had social status above freeborn egyptians |
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Delhi Sultanate
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--India
--1206-1526 |
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Ibn al-'Arabi
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--Sufi mystic
--India --wahdat-al-wujud doctrine |
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wahdat-al-wujud
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--Unity of Being
--made famous by Ibn al-'Arabi --major idea in Sufi metaphysics and popular in India --the only truth within the universe is God and we are all united with God in that we share Being with God |
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Shatariyaah
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--antinomian Sufi order in India
--goal was to transcend the law. thought that people who followed the law "had not yet realized reality/nirvana" --no need for law once nirvana is reached |
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Mughal Empire
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--famous Muslim dynasty that ruled India
--1526-1828 (2 periods) --Turkish tribesman that descended from Tamerlane --highly centralized administration --Akbari I and Aurangzeb |
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Akbari I
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--Mughal ruler famous for tolerance of other religions
--promoted "din ilahi", the idea that all religious truth is the same. (universal religion of God) --1556-1605 --reigned during the classical period which coincided with the height of Islamic fluorescence in India |
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Aurangzeb
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--1658-1707. Hanafi
--Mughal emperor famous for his attempts at reform and restoration of orthodoxy --imposes a more explicitly Islamic order defined in Shariah terms. (banned wine and prostitution) --commissioned the Fatawa Hindiyah (collections of Fatwah's) |
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Fatawa Hindiyah
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--collection of Fatwah's (legal opinions) written in Arabic
--attempt of Hanafi scholars to revisit every aspect of Indian life and develop fatwah's for every part of life --goal was to rid Islam of Indian influence --commissioned by Aurangzeb |
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Ahmad Sirhindi
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--16th century Muslim reformer in India
--wanted non muslims to recognize the supremacy of Islam --thought that everything was from God, not everything IS God. thought Hindu influences rejected this idea --claimed to be a Mujaddid, a semi-messiah figure that God sends every century to revive Islam --1564-1624 |
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Shah Wali Allah
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--Inidan muslim reformer and prolific writer in India
--translated the Quran into Persian --promotes Ijtihad, a return to the sources of Islam in order to rid Indian Islam of all the impurities which had accumulated over the years --1702-1763 |
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British East India Company
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--means by which the British est. their rule in India
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Mali Empire
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--sub-saharan african dynasty
--13th-16thC --profound cultural influences on West Africa |
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Mansu Musa
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--ruler of the Mali empire
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Songhai Empire
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--sub-saharan african muslim empire
--around 1460-1591 |
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Timbuktu
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--religious and intellectual capital of sub-saharan African Islam
--located in Mali |
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'Askiya Muhammad
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--sub-saharan african muslim ruler
--known for reform --by his time, africa was in its 3rd/"clean up" stage --due to his efforts, Mali experienced a cultural revival |
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Jihad Movement in Africa
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--happened during the 3rd/clean up stage in the 18th-19th centuries
--designed to rid their culture of syncretism which had led to social and moral decline and defend against european invaders --This period was significant in that it marks a shift in Muslim communities that practiced Islam mixed with “pagan” rituals and practices to societies that completely adopted Islamic values and established Shariah |
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Ahmad Baba
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--West African writer and scholar
--Timbuktu's greatest scholar |
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Sokoto Caliphate
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--founded by Uthman Don Fodio
--powerful empire in sub-saharan Africa |
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Uthman Don Fodio
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--founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1809
--religious teacher, writer, and reformer --his son becomes a caliph |
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Enlightenment rationalism
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--one of the 4 things the muslim world has to try and adjust to b/c of Islam's encounter with modernity
--it rejected the idea of intellible essences b/c it claims that everything is relative to the observer, who determines reality --chalk is only chalk because we label it as such |
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syncretism
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--reconciling your own culture with the culture of Islam. the mixing of islamic and non islamic elements
--lots of it in Africa and India. not so much in spain |
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intelligible essences
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--hampered by enlightenment rationalism which said that reality is determined by the observer.
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Wahhabi Movement
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--founded by M. ibn Wahhab in the 18thC
--it is an example of modern revivalism. Militant reformist movement. --said Muslim society is steeped in ignorance and shirk --big proponent of Ijtihad. Its purpose was a return to a purified Islam by filtering out unislamic beliefs and practices. --thought social organization and political order was a mess and was caused in part by the fossilization of religion. thought this was Bid'ah and therefore needed to go --joined by the Salafi Movement in the 20thC |
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Muh. ibn Wahhab
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--18thC reformer
--strict Hanbalite traditionalist --anti rationalist and anti Sufi --founder of Wahhabi Movement --wanted to cure Muslim society of its ignorance of its own religion and of its corrupt rulers --thought a lot of religious practices compromised the unity of God (absolute monotheism) |
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bid'ah
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--unsanctioned innovation
--anything that cannot be traced back to the practices of the prophet is considered bid'ah --Wahhabi's thought anything that was Bid'ah was bad |
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ibn Taymiyah
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--Hanbalite Traditionalist
--anti rationalist --major inspirer of such movements as the modern Wahhabi and Salafi movements |
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Salafi(yyah) Movement
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--Salafis view the first three generations of Muslims as examples of how Islam should be practiced.
--starts in Egypt by M. Abduh and Rashid Rida --transfers from Egypt to Arabia and mixes with Wahhabism --much more refined than the Wahhabi Movement. --want to reform beliefs and practices of Islamic society and therefore it is a socio/political movement --has a powerful psychological influence --two main concerns: 1. 'aqidah (one's creed) 2. Bid'ah (believe one's 'aqidah should be based on this) |
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Islamic modernism
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--emerged during the late 19thC as a response to Western imperialism.
--sought to formulate Islamically acceptable solutions for new situations rather than react against the Western challenge. --response to the western cultural challenge which attempted to reconcile Islamic faith w/ modern Western values --agreed with revivalists that Islam.s internal problems needed to be purified but also assimilated new ideas from the West --blamed Islam's decline on a blind and unquestioned clinging to the past (taqlid). --promoted reinterpretation of Western ideas. --M. Abduh, Rashid Rida, Afghani |
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
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--thought that the problem in Islam was the misunderstanding of Islam
--thought that the West should not be rejected, it should be appropriated --Islamic modernist --recognized that Islam and Chrisitianity are diff. b/c when Islamic culture declines/rises, so does the religion. thought that Islamic civilization rises w/ religion b/c people are successfully understanding the religion and appropriating other cultures well. |
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Muhammad 'Abduh
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--co-founded the Salafi Movement
--believed that religion and reason were complementary. Regarded religion and science as the twin sources of Islam. --sought to provide an Islamic rationale for the selective integration of Islam with modern ideas and institutions. --critical of the lack of educational opportunities for women --died in 1905 |
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Rashid Rida
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--co-founded Salafi Movement
--a great synthesizer of modern Islam --one of the most influential scholars and jurists of his generation --called for the reinterpretation of Islam. thought the development of a modern Islamic legal system was a priority given the challenges of the modern world. --In his later years, he became more conservative, more wary of modernism, and more critical of the West. Thought Muslim reformers should single-mindedly return to the sources of Islam. --dies in 1935 |
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Ottoman Empire
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--Hanafi Turkish dynasty and one of the longest on Muslim history
--representative of Islam when it encounters the modern West and the entire world at large. introduction to modernity for Islam --the last holders of the Muslim caliphate, which ends in 1924 --classical synthesis is adopted by those they conquer --capital at Istanbul --masters of 1 military might 2 administrative acumen 3 ability to integrate religious establishment into the state |
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Kemel Atuturk
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--ends the Muslim caliphate in 1924
--leader of Ottoman Empire who wanted to modernize his society --changes the alphabet from arabic to latin script and changes laws to emulate European laws |
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Ikhwan al-Muslimun (Muslim Brotherhood)
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--1928 by Hasan al-Banna
--rejected the West and emphasized the comprehensiveness of Islam. --revivalist movement with the goal of promoting shariah and making religion successful and able to survive in a modern context --thought society needed to be systematically reformed threw the same means by which it was corrupted (aka the West) --thought Western influence had marginalized Islamic law and Shariah --believed that in order to ensure that Islamic law becomes the law of the land, one has to seize power over the state b/c the state has the ability to determine the law --group is more in tune with western politics and other things than on "going back" to a premodern time in Islamic history |
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Hasan al-Banna
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--founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1928
--combined religion with social activism --revivalist --school teacher (non jurist) |
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Sayyid Qutb
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--has a modern education
--severe critic of the West. Thought the West was a historic enemy of Islam --the most influential person in the Muslim Brotherhood --Brotherhood reached the height of its influence w/ the rise of Qutb --his writings (which were accessible to the avg. person) and the Brotherhood spread all over the Muslim world --executed by the Egyptian government, making his legacy even greater --Qutb's radicalized worldview became a source for militant extremeists who call for global jihad |
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Jama'at-i Islami
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--founded in India in 1941 by Mawdudi and est. in Pakistan
--renewal of Muslim society must be rooted in Islamic principles and values --its ideology is very similar to the M. Brotherhood --fueled by the principles of Jahiliyah (muslim society has degenerated to a point approaching pre-islamic Arabia) and Hakimiyah (rulership belongs only to God) |
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Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi
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--founder of Jama'at-i Islami in 1941
--combined religion with social activism --proponent of Hakimiyah, idea that no one but God has the right to dictate how humans live their lives |
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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--leader of the Iranian revolution (1979)
--founder of Islamic Republic of Iran |
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National Origins Act
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--1965
--lifts quotas on Muslim immigration to US --Muslims become a critical mass in America --leads to creation of ICNA and ISNA |
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Muslim Students' Association
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--nation-wide assoc. on college campuses
--est. by immigrants to America in the 1960s |
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halqah
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--a study circle
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da'wah
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--religious outreach/missionary work
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Islamic Circle of North America
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--major group started in 1978 by immigrants to the US
--primarily indo-pakistani |
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Islamic Society of North America
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--stripped ICNA of its influence
--founded in 1981 --consists of arabs and indo-pakistani who had an upper hand in defining an Islamic life in America b/c they were from the muslim world --perhaps the premier org. of muslims in America today |
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Fiqh Council of North America
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--designed to develop Islamic laws in such a way that it would enable muslims to live effectively in the US
--related to the ISNA |
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Black Religion
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--the natural religion of blacks that appeals to God to intervene into the crucible of American race relations
--The God is an empty construct that could be anyone (jesus, allah etc) |
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Post-Colonial Religion
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--the muslim worlds version of Black Religion
--God is appealed to primarily to straighten out the mess that was prevalent --they read scripture threw the lens of post-colonial religion |
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Communal conversion
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--when the community at large normalizes conversion
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cultural/ethnic/racial apostasy
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--when your conversion is not normalized
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deen (din)
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religion or way of life
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B.A.S.P.
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--black afro saxon protestant
--imp. b/c it is a vehicle by which communal conversion is able to establish itself among blacks --you take on the characteristics of the dominant culture as your own |
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Moorish Science Temple
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--established by Noble Dre Ali in 1913
--American religious org. w/ belief that blacks had descended from Moors and thus were originally Isamic |
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Noble Drew Ali
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--est. Moorish Science Temple in 1913
--recognized himself as a prophet of sorts --Circle Seven Koran was his version of the Qur'an |
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Circle Seven Koran
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--Noble Drew Ali's own version of the Qur'an
--example of extreme syncretism |
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Nation of Islam
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--black movement founded by W.D. Fard in 1930
--goal of resurrecting the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of blacks in America --diverged significantly from mainstream Islam: 1.) claimed Allah was human aka W.D. Fard and that Elijah was the last messenger of God. 2.) promoted black supremacy and black seperatism 3.) did not follow the five pillars |
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Muhammad Speaks
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--african american produced newspaper of Islam
--began by Malcolm X |
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Final Call
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--founded in 1979 by Louis Farakhan
--serves as the official newspaper of the Nation of Islam |
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W.D. Fard (Muh.)
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--founded the Nation of Islam
--believed to be God reincarnate |
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Elijah Muhammad
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--becomes leader of N of I in 1934
--preached self-transformation, self-reliance, black liberation, and black nationalism, black pride and black identity. --dies in 1975 and his son W.D. Muhammad takes over |
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W.D. Muhammad
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--son of Elijah and took over N of I after his death
--responsible for a major shift in black Islam when he redirects the N of I into Sunni Islam --epitomizes the transition and transformation of Elijah M.'s Nation of Islam movement. |
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Louis Farrakhan
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--took over as leader of N of I in 1978
--epitomizes the transition and transformation of Elijah M.'s Nation of Islam movement. --criticized W.D. Muh when he dropped the black separatist and black nationalist doctrines --founded the Final Call magazine |
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World Community of Islam in the West
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--this is what W.D. Muh renames the Nation of Islam
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Eid al-Fitr
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celebration after Rhamadan
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Bilalians
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--early islam in the black community
--both a religious movement and an attempt to redefine was "blackness" was --attempt to take the authority to define blackness away from the dominant culture |
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Savior's/Saviors' Day
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--holiday of Nation of Islam that celebrates the birthday of W.D. Fard
--Farakhan changed is to Saviors' b/c he wanted to celebrate everyone who was righteous |
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Eid al-Adha
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4 day celebration after pilgrimage
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Halal
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permitted, lawful activities
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Hijab
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both the head covering traditionally worn by Muslim women and modest Muslim styles of dress in general
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Jamal al-Amin (H. Rap Brown)
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--leader of the Dar al-Islam Movement in black american islam today
--now in prison |
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Dar al-Islam Movement
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--black american islamic movement led by Jamal al-Amin
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Shaykh Dawud Faysal
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--founded the state street mosque in 1928 and the Islamic Mission Society in 1934
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Dar al-Islam/Dar al-Harb
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--some people use this as justification of Jihad against the West
--dar al-hard: "abode of war"; non-Islamic territory --dal ar-Islam: "abode of peace"; Islamic territory (where Islamic law is in force) |
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1965
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--malcolm x dies
--national origins act is passed |
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1979
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--islamic revolution in Iran
--the great takeover of the sacred Mosque at Mecca by militants who called for the overthrow of the monarchy |
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Ahmadiyah Movement
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--early 1930s in America
--recruited blacks and whites making it non racial --its problem was that it descended from a heterodox movement in India |
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5 percenters
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--break off from N of I
--85% followers, 10% bloodsuckers who tell cattle what to do 5% who have arrived at true wisdom |
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Takfir wa al-Hijrah
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--radical Islamist group which emerged in Egypt in the 1960s as an offshoot of Muslim Brotherhood.
--thought society was no longer a muslim society --thought government was corrupt and advocated violent revolution |
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Gama'ah Islamiyah
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--major critics of today's al-Quida
--spent 25 years in egyptian prison b/c they killed anwar sadat in hopes of replacing the Egyptian gov. w/ an Islamic state |
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Sufism
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--almost like an empty vase that new cultures can pour their own influences into. this is unlike law/theo which are much less changeable
--plays a fundamental role in sub-saharan Africa |
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Black Sunnis
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--blacks involved in the nation of Islam were originally seperatists but when Elijah dies, W.D. Muh questioned some the the Nation's teachings.
--the Nation was brought into conformity with the teachings of Sunni Islam. the separatist doctrines were dropped and blacks became Sunnis |
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Malcolm X
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--product of the social conditions that Elijah denounced
--his life exemplified the personal and religious transformation for which the Nation of Islam was noted --militant proponent and leader of the N of I |
