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103 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
According to Erik Erikson, ______ is formed when a person develops a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.
Ego Identity
According to Erik Erikson, ______ occurs when youths spread themselves too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.
Role Diffusion
Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse and early sexuality.
At-risk-youths
Participation in illegal activity by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit.
Juvenile Delinquency
Youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts; known as the "_____ 6 percent," is believed to engage in a significant portion of all delinquent behavior; these youths do not age out of crime but continue their criminal behavior into adulthood.
Chronic Juvenile Offenders
The segment of the justice system, including law enforcement officers, the courts, and correctional agencies, that is designed to treat youthful offenders.
Juvenile Justice System
A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over wife and children.
Paternalistic Family
Nineteenth century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today, some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than with their welfare.
Child Savers
Juvenile who has been adjudicated by a judicial officer of the juvenile court as having committed a delinquent act.
Delinquent
A philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior.
Best Interest of the Child
The criteria on which juvenile sentencing is based. Ideally, juveniles are treated according to their need for treatment and not for the seriousness of the delinquent act they committed.
Need for Treatment
Transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to adult court for criminal prosecution.
Waiver/Bindover/Removal
Conduct that is illegal only because the child is underage.
Status Offense
Early legal designation of minors who violate the law because of their minority status; now referred to as status offenders.
Wayward Minors
Branch of the U.S. Justice Department charged with shaping national juvenile justice policy through disbursement of federal aid and research funds.
Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention
Arm of the U.S. Department of Justice that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime lab, and helps train local law enforcement.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Compiled by the FBI, the ____ is the most widely used source of national crime statistics and delinquency statistics.
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
Offenses including homicide and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, arson and motor vehicle theft; recorded by local law enforcement officers, these crimes are tallied quarterly and sent to the FBI for inclusion in the UCR.
Part I Offenses
All crimes other than part one offenses; recorded by local law enforcement, arrests for these crimes are tallied quarterly and sent to the FBI for inclusion in the UCR.
Part II Offenses
To break down a variable into its constituent parts in order to better understand its association with another variable.
Disaggregated
Questionnaire or survey techniques that ask a subject to reveal their own participation in delinquent/criminal acts.
Self-reports
Tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age; aging out is thought to occur among all groups of offenders.
Aging-out Process/Desistance from Crime/Spontaneous Remission
Age at which youths begin their delinquent careers; early onset is believed to be linked with chronic offending patterns.
Age of Onset
Youths who have been arrested five or more times before age 18.
Chronic Recidivists
The idea that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults.
Continuity of Crime
A person who has suffered direct, or threatened, physical, emotional, or financial harm as a result of being the target of a criminal act.
Victimization
Youth will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions; delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss.
Choice Theory
Hols that youths engage in delinquent or criminal behavior due to aberrant physical or psychological traits that govern behavioral choices; delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational choices.
Trait Theory
View that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are free to make personal behavioral choices; delinquent actions are impulsive or instinctual rather than rational choices.
Trait Theory
View that youths are in charge of their own destinies and are free to make personal behavioral choices unencumbered by environmental factors.
Free Will
A person who believes that people weigh the benefits and consequences of their future actions before deciding on a course of action.
Utilitarian
Decisions to violate the law are weighed against possible punishments and to deter crime, the pain of punishment must outweigh the benefit of illegal gain; led to graduated punishments based on seriousness of crime ("let the punishment fit the crime").
Classical Criminology
The view that crime is a "normal" function of the routine activities of modern living; offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians.
Routine Activities Theory
Violent crimes against persons and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly from its holder.
Predatory Crimes
Crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties such as long prison sentences for violent crimes; the aim is to convince law violators that the pain outweighs the benefit of criminal activity.
General Deterence
Committing criminal acts in groups.
Co-offending
Sending convicted offenders to secure incarcerated facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince them not to repeat their criminal activity.
Specific Deterrence
A crime prevention method method that relies on reducing the opportunity to commit criminal acts by making them more difficult to perform, reducing their reward, and increasing their risks.
Situational Crime Prevention
A particular location or address that is the site of repeated and frequent criminal activity.
Hot Spots
A law enforcement operation that is designed to reduce or eliminate a particular criminal activity through the application of aggressive police tactics, usually involving a larger than usual contingent of police officers.
Crackdown
The idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically or physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution.
Criminal Atavism
View that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases.
Biosocial Theory
Damage to the brain itself that causes antisocial behavior injurious to the individual's lifestyle and social adjustment.
Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD)
Neurological dysfunctions that prevent an individual from learning his or her potential.
Learning Disabilities
Branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood.
Psychodynamic Theory
A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression.
Bipolar Disorder
Psychological state, identified by Erikson, in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.
Identity Crisis
Psychological condition with symptoms including an ongoing pattern of uncooperative, defiant, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that seriously interferes with day-to-day functioning.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
A psychological disorder characterized by difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
Branch of psychology concerned with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes; focuses on particular stimuli and responses to them.
Behaviorism
The view that behavior is modeled through observation neither directly through intimate contact with others or indirectly through media; interactions that are rewarded are copied, whereas those that are punished are avoided.
Social Learning Theory
The branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental processes required to understand the world we live in.
Cognitive Theory
Impulsive behavior without the ability to examine motives and behavior.
Extraversion
A personality trait marked by unfounded anxiety, tension, and emotional instability.
Neuroticism
Person lacking in warmth, exhibiting inappropriate behavior responses, and unable to learn from experience; the condition is defined by persistent violations of social norms, including lying, stealing, truancy, inconsistent work behavior and traffic arrests.
Psychopathic Personality
The view that intelligence is inherited and is a function of genetic makeup.
Nature Theory
The view that intelligence is determined by environmental stimulation and socialization.
Nurture Theory
The view that lower-class people form a separate culture with their own values and norms which are sometimes in conflict with conventional society.
Culture of Poverty
Group of urban poor whose members have little chance upward mobility or improvement.
Underclass
According to William Julius Wilson, those people who are left out of the economic mainstream and reduced to living in the most deteriorated inner-city area.
Truly Disadvantaged
Those theories that suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorating lower-class areas, including disorganization, stress and cultural deviance, push residents into criminal behavior patterns.
Social Structure Theories
Neighborhood or area marked by culture conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population and insufficient social organizations; these problems are reflected in the problems at schools in these areas.
Social Disorganization
Area undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle class residential to lower class mixed-use.
Transitional Neighborhood
The process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next.
Cultural Transmission
Ability of social institutions to influence human behavior; the justice system is the primary agency of formal _______.
Social Control
Conditions that exist when people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to one another; the relatively deprived are apt to have feelings of anger and hostility, which may produce criminal behavior.
Relative Deprivation
The process of transforming a lower-class area into a middle-class area through property rehabilitation.
Gentrification
A process in which mutual trust and willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order creates a sense of well-being in a neighborhood and helps control antisocial activities.
Collective Efficacy
A condition caused by the failure to achieve one's goals.
Strain
Normlessness produced by rapidly shifting moral values; according to Merton, ______ occurs when personal goals cannot be achieved using available means.
Anomie
Links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts.
General Strain Theory
Anger, depression, disappointment, fear and other adverse emotions that derive from strain.
Negative Affective States
When the values of a subculture clash with those of the dominant culture.
Culture Conflict
The process of learning the values and norms of the society of the subculture to which the individual belongs.
Socialization
Parents are said to have ______ when they are supportive and effectively control their children in a non-coercive fashion.
Parental Efficacy
Posit that delinquency is learned through close relationships with others; asserts that children are born "good" and learn to be "bad" from others.
Social Learning Theories
Asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily in interpersonal groups and that youths will become delinquent if definitions they learn in those groups are favorable to violating the law exceed definitions favorable to obeying the law.
Differential Association Theory
Posit that delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers and school); lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise antisocial behavioral choices.
Social Control Theory
Ties a person to the institutions and processes of society; elements of the bond include attachment, commitment, involvement and belief.
Social Bond
People who have been negatively labeled as a result of their participation, or alleged participation, in deviant or outlawed behaviors.
Stigmatization
Posits that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing them and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity.
Labeling Theory
The process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts the label as a personal role or identity.
Self-labeling
Deviant behavior patterns that are a response to an earlier labeling experience; youths act out these social roles even if they were falsely bestowed.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The view that inter-group conflict, borne out of the unequal distribution of wealth and power, is the root cause of delinquency.
Critical Theories
Removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities.
Deinstitutionalization
Non-punitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system a healing process rather than a punishment process.
Restorative Justice
The view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics.
Developmental Theory
A developmental theory that focuses on changes in behavior as people travel along the path of life and how these changes affect crime and delinquency.
Life Course Theory
The view that delinquent behavior is controlled by a "master trait," present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person's lifetime.
Latent Trait Theory
Views that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very young age are the ones most at risk for a delinquent career.
Early Onset
Offenders who follow the most common delinquent trajectory, in which antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence and then diminishes.
Adolescent-limited Offenders
One of the small group of offenders whose delinquent career continues well into adulthood.
Life Course Persister Offenders
Characteristic of life course persister offenders, who tend to engage in early sexuality and drug use.
Pseudo-maturity
A cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking and unemployment as well as delinquency.
Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS)
Pathway to delinquent deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior that leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.
Authority Conflict Pathway
Pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency.
Covert Pathway
Pathway to a delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent delinquency.
Overt Pathway
Critical life events, such as career and marriage, which may enable adult offenders to desist from delinquency.
Turning Points
Positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful marriage and a successful career, that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior.
Social Capital
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, that makes some people delinquency prone over the life-course.
Latent Trait
A developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from bio-social, psychological, routine-activities and rational choice theories.
General Theory of Crime (GTC)
Refers to a person's ability to exercise control and restraint over his or her feelings, emotions, reactions and behaviors.
Self-control
Lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making. An ______ person lacks close attention to details, has organizational problems, is distracted and forgetful.
Impulsive