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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Thomas Morgan - 1920s
Genetics - Study of trait ***. Embryology - Study of trait ***. |
transmission
expression |
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*** sheep oocytes were used to create Dolly.
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434
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*** is the capability of giving rise to all tissues.
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Totipotency
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*** is the capability of giving rise to most tissues.
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Pluripotency
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Transgenic?
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animals containing a gene from another
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Generally the genome is the same in every cell. The exception is *** genes of
*** cells. |
Ig
B lymphocyte |
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Polytene chromosome?
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DNA replications w/o cell division.
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There are *** human genes.
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25000
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Crystallin is found in the ***.
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eye lens
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*** Genetics studies how genotype is transferred into phenotype.
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Developmental
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Protein makes up *** of the weight of chromatin.
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50%
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Nucleosome?
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Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes.
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DNA wrapped in Solenoid shape is stabilized by Histone ***... this is not part of the ***.
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H1
nucleosome |
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*** bp of DNA wrapped around histones w/H1 binding to bp *** linking nucleosomes.
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140
60 |
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There are *** points of contact between DNA & nucleosome.
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14
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Depending on what histone amino acid is ***... it can activate or repress transcription.
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methylated
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The 5' UTR can determine the rate at which translation is ***.
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initiated
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5’ and 3’ modifications needed to protect mRNA from *** activity.
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Exonuclease
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Trans-repressor protein interacts with lac operon at the *** sequence.
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operator
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The *** Model unified genetics and embryology.
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Operon
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Two types of cis-regulatory DNA sequences.
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Promoters
Enhancers |
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Promoters are typically located *** from transcription start site while enhancers are typically located ***.
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immediately upstream
elsewhere |
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RNAPII requires at least *** proteins for efficient transcription initiation.
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six
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The six nuclear proteins needed for RNAPII proper transcription are called ***.
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Basal Transcription Factors(BTF)
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First Basal Transcription factor identified was ***.
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TFIID
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BTF *** is the foundation of the transcription complex preventing nucleosome stabilization in the *** region.
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TFIID
promoter |
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TF *** stabilizes TFIID binding.
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TFIIA
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TF *** is needed for addition of RNAPII.
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TFIIB
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TF *** and *** binds RNAPII before or during binding to TFIID.
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TFIIE
TFIIF |
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TF *** Unwinds DNA helix.
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TFIIF
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TF *** is a DNA-dependent ATPase.
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TFIIE
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Initially, RNAPII CTD is bound to *** & is released when *** phosphorylates CTD.
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TFIID
TFIIH carboxy-terminal domain |
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TFIIH puts PO4 on *#* *** in the *** of *** *** ***.
Reverse acronym for ***.... |
52 repeats
CTD RNA polymerase II --- carboxy-terminal domain(CTD) |
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TAF?
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TBP associated factors
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TBP?
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TATA binding protein
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Estrogen receptor activates transcription after binding a ***-kDa ***.
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30
TAF |
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Some genes lack the TATA sequence. Yet, *** is the deciding factor.
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TFIID
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*** are typically located immediately upstream from transcription start site.
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Promoters
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! *** is a negative enhancer.
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Silencer
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*Nuclei of some differentiated cells do/do not differ from others.
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DO
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! The *** provides a model for why cells do not express all their genes all the time.
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Lac Operon
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! Transcriptions begins when the ***-terminal domain of RNAPII bound to TFIID is phosphorylated by ***.
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carboxy
TFIIH |
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DNA enhancer sequences are the same in every cell type; what differs is the combo of *** used and which combo of *** are bound.
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TF proteins
enhancers |
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!!! Can enhancers have more than 1 TF binding site?
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YES!
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Nucleosome displacement allows *** to find their ***.
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TFs
enhancers |
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2nd TF domain:
!!! ***-*** domain regulates transcription by controlling interactions w/proteins involved in RNAPII binding. |
!!! trans-activating domain
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3rd TF domain:
***-*** interaction domain allowing TF activity to be *** by TAFs or TFs. |
Protein-protein
modulated |
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TF *** turns pancreatic endodermal cells into insulin-secreting cells.
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Mafa
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!!! These 2 proteins families enable DNA transcription state retention through cell generations.
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Trithorax family
Polycomb family |
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Trithorax proteins function to stabilize expression by altering the *** of ***.
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positions of nucleosomes
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*** TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS penetrate repressed chromatin and
bind *** sequences. |
PIONEER
enhancer |
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Silencers are "*** enhancers" of DNA regulatory elements that *** repress a gene.
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negative
actively |
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*** allows cells to go thru rounds of mitosis maintaining differentiation
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!!! DNA Methylation
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High levels of DNA methylation result in enhanced/repressed transcription.
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repressed
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Dnmt3?
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DNA methyltransferase-3
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MeCP2?
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methyl CpG binding protein 2
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!!! DNA methylation represses gene expression by:
1) --- 2) |
Some TF can't bind
MeCP2 is recruited, recruiting DNMT3 |
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"X inactivation" is copied into progeny through enzyme ***.
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DNMT1
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nRNA?
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nuclear RNA
“unprocessed" |
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The essence of "Differential RNA Processing" is the production of different ___ ___ in different cell types.
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protein sets
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Steps of Differential RNA Processing.
1) i___ r___ 2) t*** into c___ 3) t*** 4) p****** mod___ |
1) mRNA intron removed
2) translocated into cytoplasm 3) translation 4) posttranslational modification |
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Major ways differential RNA processing regulates development
1) 2) !!! |
"censorship"
!!! Alternative splicing |
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A splice site has a consensus sequence recognized by a ___.
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spliceosome
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A spliceosome consists of s__ and s__ f__.
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snRNA
splicing factors |
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Different cells can have different splicing factors causing...
1) differences in ___/___ recognition 2) differences in ___/___ recognition |
1) intron/extron
2) 5' and 3' |
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!!! It is estimate that approximately ___% of human genes are alternatively spliced.
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92%
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DIFFERENT proteins produced from ONE gene are called
s__ i__ of the protein. |
splicing isoforms
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The Dscam gene of ___ can produce _#_ different splicing protein isoforms with _#_ ***. What the purpose?
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Drosophila
38016 115 exons Cells need unique identity in neural development |
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1 factor affecting differential mRNA longevity...
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length of poly A tail.
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Without prolactin, *** mRNA in mammary cells had half-life of *** hours but w/prolactin *** hours.
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casein
1.1 28.5 |
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Some of these proteins are needed during cleavage of embryo.
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caudal morphogen
bicoid morphogen nanos morphogen |
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Oocytes: If the 5' *** is not made or 3' UTR lacks a *** mRNA won't be translated.
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cap
poly A tail |
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In the Drosophila oocyte... *** represses caudal mRNA translation in the *** causing gradient to the ***.
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Bicoid
anterior posterior |
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*** is now considered the founding member of a very large number of microRNAs:
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Lin-4
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RISC?
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RNA-induced silencing complex
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mRNAs probably exist in the shape of a *** in the cytoplasm.
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circle
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For many years researchers would use this to block gene expression... Later determined C. elegans used it to do the same.
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antisense RNA
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3 Major Mechanisms for regulating mRNA localization.
1) D*** 2) L*** 3) A*** |
1) Diffusion & local anchoring
2) Localized protection 3) Active transport along cytoskeleton |
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Most widely used mechanism of mRNA localization.
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Active transport along cytoskeleton
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Fragile X syndrome caused by loss-of-function mutation for the *** protein.
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FMR1 protein
Fragile x Mental Retardation 1 |
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***: Enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of polynucleotide chain.
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Exonuclease
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***: Enzyme that cleaves polynucleotide into two parts.
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Endonuclease
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What is CATs functional role?
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bacterial reporter gene
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NRS Element binds NRS Factor causing ***.
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repression
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*** stabilize the pre-initiation complex.
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TFs
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