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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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independent variable |
controlled by the researcher, grouping variable or factor (age, sex, dosage) |
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dependent variable |
measure effect of Independent variable (outcome) (time, vo2) |
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nominal scale |
categories (gender) |
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ordinal scale |
logical order, rank or order (first, second, third) |
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interval |
no zero point, equal interval (temperature) |
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ratio scale |
has zero point (scores on exams) |
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what is research |
knowledge acquired through research 1. identify phenomenon 2. formulate hypothesis 3. conduct study 4. dessimenate results |
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2 types of research |
basic research applied research |
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basic research |
acquire general information about a phenomenon (how things function) |
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applied research |
generate information that can be applied directly to a real world problem (how function applies to population) |
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parameter |
value that refers to population |
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science vs. pseudoscience |
theories or ideas that are put forth to science 1. unconcerned with the facts 2. "research" conducted is not real 3. defaults to absurd explanations 4. leaves out credible facts |
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real science (7) |
1. empirical 2. rational 3. testable 4. parsimonious 5. general 6. tentative 7. rigorously evaluated |
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pseudoscience |
Life Cell example |
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circular logic |
provides nothing more than a label (doesn't provide answer) |
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statistics |
collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data |
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theory |
beyond hypothesis potentially verifiable phenomenon, highly ordered and structured |
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hypothesis |
proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation |
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Law |
theory that has been substantially verified - empirically verified relationships - not likely to be disconfirmed |
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model |
range of concepts (TTM) |
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mechanistic explanations |
explains chain of cause and effect |
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functional explanations |
how something works (simple) |
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classifying a theory |
1. quantitative/qualitative 2. what level does it operate 3. what is theory's domain |
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descriptive theories |
lowest level (simple) |
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analogical theories |
relationship between 2 systems to explain something |
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fundamental theories |
most descriptive (highest level) |
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characteristic of a good theory |
1. ability to account for data 2. explanatory relevance 3. testability 4. prediction of novel events 5. parsimonious (few assumptions) |
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strategies for testing theories |
conformational & disconformational |
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conformational strategy |
did event occur? |
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disconformational strategy |
unexpected outcome occurred |
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within subject design |
one group repeatedly exposed to different IV's CONDITIONS |
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between subjects design |
different groups of subjects randomly assigned to the IV's GROUPS |
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mixed design |
both between and within |
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primary sources |
document or physical object that was written or created during the study artifacts, original documents |
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secondary sources |
interprets primary sources textbooks, magazine articles, scholarly journals, books, encyclopedias |
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null hypothesis |
no differences between groups |
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alternative hypothesis |
opposite of null, there are differences |
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p-value |
<= 0.05 is significant it is a proportion |
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reliability |
reproducability of results |
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validity |
accuracy "tool measuring what you intend to measure" |
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face validity |
how well the instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure |
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content validity |
how adequately the content of a test samples the knowledge, skills, or behaviors it is intended to measure |
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internal validity |
no confounds (reason why groups are different) high level for basic research |
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external validity |
extent to which your results apply to populations/situations or times/environments concept of generalizability high level for applied research (real life setting) |
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survey research |
widely used ask questions gauge specific attitudes attempts to predict behavior |
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increasing reliability |
increase number of items on questionnaire standardize administration procedures score carefully clear, well written & appropriate for your sample |
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random sampling |
no selection, random no order or purpose chance |
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simple random sampling |
everyone in population has equal chance |
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stratified sampling |
divided into strata (groups) |
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non random sampling |
selecting only students from class A opposed to selecting students randomly across university |
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volunteerism and validity |
volunteers may carry certain bias that could influence or alter consequence |
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descriptive statistics |
summary of property of statistics |
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exploratory statistics |
search for patterns in data |
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measure of central tendency |
Mode: number that appears most often Median: middle number of set Mean: average |
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Mean |
most accurate most appropriate for scale data considers all numbers in data set includes extreme values |
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median |
ordered not affected by extreme scores measure of position not used for statistical calculations |
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Measures of spread |
Range: highest - lowest Interquartile range: lower and upper 25% (50% of data) Variance: standard deviation and standard error |
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Standard deviation
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mean+- SD once = 68.26% of data |
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standard error |
estimate of the amount of variability in expected sample across a series of samples |
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best method? |
measure of spread: standard error standard deviation mean |
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correlation |
association or relationship determine if 2 variables co-vary what is direction and magnitude? |
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pearsons product correlation |
"r" r= -1 perfect negative relation r= 0 no relation r= 1 perfect positive relation |
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percent variation |
there is no relationship if p is > 0.05 |
