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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why study kinesiology?
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means to improve PERFORMANCE by learning how to analyze movements of the human body and to discover their underlying principles
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three- fold purpose of studying kinesiology
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-safety: structure movements to avoid doing harm to the body
- effectiveness: success or failure of meeting goals of effective performance -efficiency: striving to achieve movement goal with least amount of effort |
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synarthrodial joints
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-immovable joints
-stures such as skill sutures -Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla |
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amphiarthrodial joints
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slightly moveable joints
- allow a slight amount of motion to occur: ~syndesmosis ~synchondrosis ~symphysis example: in between tibia and fibula |
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diarthrodial joints
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structurally synovial joints
- composed of sleevelike joint capsule - secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity |
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degrees of freedom in a diarthrodial joint
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- motion in 1 plane: 1 degree of freedom. uniaxial joint. ex: elbow
- motion in 2 planes: 2 degrees of freedom. biaxial. ex: knuckles - motion in 3 planes: 3 degrees of freedom. tri/multiaxial. ex: neck, hip, shoulder |
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each diarthrodial joint has a different type of bony arrangement:
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-Gliding: 2 plane or flat bony surface which butt against each other.
little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation. usually work together in series of articulations. ex: carpal bones |
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diarthrodial joints: bony arrangement
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-hinge Joint: a uniaxial articulation
articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane. ex: elbow |
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diarthrodial joint: bony arrangement
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-Pivot Joint: also uniaxial articulation
ex: C1 and C2. vertebrae right below head or between radius and ulna |
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diarthrodial joint: bony arrangement
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-condyloid joint: biaxial joint.
one bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface ex:between metacarpals |
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diarthrodial joint: bony arrangement
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-ball and socket: multiaxial.
bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface ex: head of humerus into shoulder socket. or top of femur into hip socket |
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diarthrodial joint: bony arrangement
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-saddle joint: unique triaxial joint.
2 reciprocally concave and convex articular surfaces only example: 1st carpametacarpal joint at the base of thumb |
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5 factors that contribute to joint stability:
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-tendons
-muscles - bones fitting together -connective tissue (and skin) -atmospheric pressure (suction) |
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what is the primary function of a joint
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to provide movement.
movement is gained at the expense of stability: if more weight is on it, it is weaker |
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3 factors affecting the range of motion ROM
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-shape of bone structure
- ligament arrangement - muscle arrangement |
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a simple tool you can use to measure joint ROM
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Goniometer
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1. what is the center of gravity
2. what is the line of gravity |
1. imaginary point representing the weight center of an object
2. imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity |
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what are the spatial and directional terms?
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posterior (dorsal): back
anterior (ventral): front medial: toward the middle lateral: away from the middle proximal: closer to reference point-joint or attachment distal: farther from reference point superior: the same side or up inferior: opposite side or down |
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know body segments
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on paper. page 39
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difference between qualitative and quantitative
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qualitative: observations DO NOT involve measurement and numbers, more descriptive in nature.
quantitative: data that deals with NUMBERS AND CAN BE MEASURED |
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what are the three components of analysis?
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-DESCRIBING a skill in a logical fashion.
~breaking it down into its elements -Evaluating:performance ~determining whether and how related anatomical and mechanical principles have been violated -Prescribing corrections based on appropriate identification of errors |
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what is the different between discrete and continuous skills
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discrete: movement skills that have a very definite beginning and ending. example: bend presses
-continuous: skills that are either repetitive or where one movement flows. example: walking or running. |
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simultaneous vs. sequential
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simultaneous: segments move as one.
-overcome external forces -accuracy (things that need more force. example: squats Sequential: segments in an orderly sequence. -maximum speed at impact or release-combination example: golfing or pitching |
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what are the planes and axis'?
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frontal plane with AP axis
transverse plane with vertical axis sagital plane (left from right.) with Bilateral axis |
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what is kinesiology?
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scientific study of human movement
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what are the three types of muscle?
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- smooth: digestive system, and organs
-cardiac: heart muscles -striated: skeletal |
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what are the functions of skeletal muscle?
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movement
posture heat generation protection circulatory pressure |
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what are the properties of SM and tendons?
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-extensibility and elasticity: enable the muscle to be stretched and return to normal length.
tendons (connect muscle to bone) are continuations of muscle's connective tissues, also possess these properties -contractility: is the ability to shorten and produce tension |
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what are the basic differences between fast and slow twitch muscles?
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- slow: type 1, twitch fiber. are small, red, and have a rich blood supply and greater myoglobin.
they are highly efficient and do not fatigue easily. suitable for long duration, posture and endurance events. -fast: type II. large, pale, and less blood supply than slow. suitable for INTENSE responses over a SHORT period of time ~most limb muscles contain relatively equal distribution of each fiber type ~ posture muscles contain more SLOW twitch fibers |
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origin and insertion
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origin: usually more proximal to the muscle attachment
insertion: usually more distal (has less restriction, even though there is equal pull) -contraction produces equal force on the two attachments but... one end moves because ORIGIN usually is stabilized by other muscles. |
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what are the different types of muscle contractions?
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concentric: shortens. when tension by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment.
eccentric: lengthens. when a muscle slowly lengthening as it gives in to an EXTERNAL FORCE that is greater than the contractile force it is exerting. muscle is acting a brake. ex:bringing arm down. (lateral Delt) isometric: tension with no movement. equal length. isotonic: equal tension isokinetic: equal or same motion. maximum muscle effort at the same speed. |
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different roles of muscles
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Agonists (or movers): directly responsible for producing a movement.
-prime movers: large impact on movement -assistant movers: only help when needed -if your muscle is concentrically contracting it is an agonist. Antagonists: have an effect opposite to that of movers or agonists (eccentric=antagonist) -first antagonist must: relax to permit movement - second it acts as a: brake at completion of movement stabilizers: contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another segment to move. neutralizers: prevent undesired action |
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3 factors determine the possible movement of a contracting muscle?
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-type of joint that it spans
-other muscles acting on the joint ex: bicep goes through 3 joints, so 4 arm and shoulder may be involved or restricted -the relation of the muscle's line of pull to the joint. where the different attachments are and where the muscles cross. |
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what are the major factors affecting muscle force? (look at worksheet for pictures)
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Muscle fiber arrangement:
~parallel or longitudial- flat, fusiform, strap, radiate ~pennate- unipennate (one angle), bipennate (2), multipennate (3) |
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parallel or longitudial
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flat muscles, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses
-allows them to spread their forces over a broad area ex: rectus abdominos |
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fusiform or spindle-shaped
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- rounded muscle that tapers (scrunched) at either end
ex: brachioradius (in the arm) |
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strap
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long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis
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radiate
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fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other
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sphincter or circular muscles
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-technically endless strap muscles
-surround openings and function to close them upon contraction ex: orbicularis oris surrounding the mouth |
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pennate (like a feather)
unipennate |
-half a feather
-a series of short, parallel feather like fibers extends diagonally for side of a long tendon. ex: tibialis posterior (half feather) |
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bipennate
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a long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs form either side of the tendon (or sides of a whole feather).
ex: rectus femoris |
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multipennate
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-many feathers
-several tendons are present, with fibers running diagonally between them Ex: middle deltoid |
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what affect does muscle arrangement have on force
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pennation angle: packs more force
- a broad, thick, longitudial muscle exerts more force than a thin one -a penniform muscle of same thickness as a more longitudinal muscle can exert a greater force -allows a large number of fibers in space -disadvantages of Pennation: limited distance of muscle travel. can shorten less |
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effect of muscle fiber arrangement on ROM
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-long muscles: with fibers longitudinally arranged along the long axis, can exert force over a longer distance.
-Pennate Muscles with their oblique fiber arrangement and short fibers, can exert superior force through only a short range |
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what are force modifiers (things that effect force)?
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angle of attachment
length velocity of shortening activation level |
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angle attachment
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-not all the force of muscle contraction causes movement
-the angle of attachment will influence how much F goes towards movement vs. stabilizing the joint -the angle changes throughout ROM -if the angle is very shallow (ex arm out straight) (less than 45 degrees) most of the tension will produce a force pulling along the bone -when muscle generates tension at a 90 degree angle to the bone, it is the most efficient at producing joint motion -past 90 degrees moving force decreases and more of the force acts to dislocate the joint |
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main things that determines how much FORCE a muscle can produce is?
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muscle arrangement and fibers
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force maximum occurs at what percent of length
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110%
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disadvantage of biarticular or multi-joint muscles
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ex: soleus (hamstring= knee and hip)
it can make it more injury prone |
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advantage of multi-joint muscle
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- can cause or control motion at more than one joint
-able to maintain a relatively constant length due to "shortening" at one joint and "lengthening" at another |
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what speed of concentric and eccentric contraction facilitates the greatest force production?
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eccentrical the fastest you go the more force you get. concentric is the opposite
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what is the force-velocity relationship?
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when a muscle is contracting the rate of length change is significantly related to the amount of force potential.
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when contracting CONCENTRICALLY against a ______ resistance muscle is able to contract at a _____ velocity
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light
high |
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as resistance _____, the maximal velocity at which the muscle is able to contract ______
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increases
decreases |
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eventually ____ contraction occurs
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Isometric
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as load continues to _____ the muscle begins to lengthen______
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increase
eccentric contraction |
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at the same velocity of movement, can your produce more force concentrically or eccentrically?
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eccentrically (you are stronger when lower)
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also at the same velocity and load do your muscles work HARDER during the concentric or eccentric phase?
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concentrically
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other factors affecting force
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temperature
fatigue exercise prestretch |
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how does prestretch enhance force production
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when concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of ACTIVE STRETCHING: more force can be generated
3 other ways: -series elastic component -stretch reflex -optimal length of the muscle |
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passive movement
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no effort on the part of the person involved
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active
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movement is produced by the subject's own muscular activity
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ballistic movement
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movements that are initiated by vigorous CONTRACTION and completed by MOMENTUM
ex: throwing, striking, kicking should learn form rather than accuracy first |
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structural classification of the nervous system
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1.first there is the Central Nervous System (CNS): that controls the brain and spinal cord
2.then there is the peripheral nervous system (PNS): that controls the cranial nerves (12 pairs) ad the spinal nerves (31 pairs) |
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functional classification of the nervous system
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there is a SOMATIC nervous system which is the conscious control
then there is the Autonomic nervous system which are things we do not consciously control: -sympathetic (speeds up) "fight or flight" - parasympathetic (slows down except digestion) "resting", back to homeostasis |
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motor (efferent) nuerons
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-sending messages OUT
- cell body situated in anterior horns of spinal cord (the big H) -a projection (axon) emerges from spinal cord, travels by way of a peripheral nerve to muscle -each terminal branch ends at the motor end plate of a single muscle fiber -look at picture |
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Sensory Neurons
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-bringing in messages
-the cell body is situated in the dorsal root ganglion just outside the spinal cord -neurons may terminate in spinal cord or brain - a long projection comes from a receptor |
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connector
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-also called interneurons
-exist completely with the CNS - connecting links - may be a single neuron, connecting sensory to motor neurons |
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what is a nerve?
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a bundle of fibers, enclosed within a connective tissue sheath
-a typical spinal nerve consists of :motor and sensory fibers |
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how many spinal nerves are there?
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31 pairs total
-8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccyx |
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what is a synapse
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-connection between neurons
-may be thousands of connections between any two neurons -neurotransmitters produce events on the postsynaptic cell membrane that are inhibitory (no action) and excitatory (action) |
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what is a motor unit?
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-consist of single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
-all muscle fibers in a MU are of the SAME muscle fiber type -fibers dispersed throughout muscle -all fibers of that MU contract together |
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what is the variability size of a MU?
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-vary widely in the number of muscle fibers
- Gastrocnemius has 2,000 or more muscle fibers while eye muscles usually only have 10 -small ratio of muscle fibers to motor neuron is capable of more precise movements! |
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what is an MU designation?
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small motor units: few fibers, slow-twitch, fine control
large motor units: many fibers, fast-twitch, gross movement |
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what is a reflex?
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-a specific pattern of response without volition from the cerebrum
-reflexes are adaptable and modifiable |
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what is the reflex arc?
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receptor (sensory receptor) then
-sensory neuron the -spinal cord -motor nueron -muscle (usually contraction) |
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what is the all or none phenomenon of muscle contraction?
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if the stimulus is of threshold value, all muscles of MU will contract.
-applies to muscle fibers not whole muscles -MU recruitment:has an orderly sewuence to : smaller SLOW twitch fibers are recruited 1st (they have lower thresholds) and LARGER fast twitch fibers are recruited later |
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what is reciprocal inhibition
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antagonist off. agonist on.
when motor neurons are transmitting impulses to an agonist, antagonistic are simultaneously and reciprocally inhibited. antagonist remain relaxed and agonists contract without opposition automatic in reflexes and familiar movements |
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what is reciprocal activation
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most frequently appears in movement when there is uncertainty about movement task.
-practice increases familiarity, and coactivation decreases in favor of reciprocal inhibition -coactivation also occurs to maintain joint stiffness |
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how do you obtain a maximal contraction?
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a combination of the number of fibers stimulated and the high frequency of stimulation, results in a maximal strength of contraction
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proprioceptive reflexes (stretch reflex)
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muscle stress occurs rapidly and the impulse is sent to CNS
motor neurons of stretched muscle cause contraction (antagonists relax) examples: knee jerk (at the doctors) quick reflex causes knee to contract back because of spindles) ex: head bob in class: when your falling asleep in class your neck muscles contract to pull your head back up using the spindles. |
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tendon reflex
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makes the muscle turn off.
antagonist is facilitated. a protective mechanism ex: when you are wrestle and your losing your let go because your tendons and muscles turn off |
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volitional control
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1.cerebral cortex: conscious decisions
2. basal ganglia: coordination 3. cerebellum: timing and intensity 4. brain stem: arousal 5. spinal cord: most specific control |
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proprioceptor muscles
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spindle inside the muscle belly
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GTO
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embedded in the tendon not the muscle (spindle)
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reverse muscle action
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normally the distal joint is doing the most movement and the proximal joint is holding it in place. but for reverse it happens opposite
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