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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Kinesiology
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the study of human movement
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What does KINESIOLOGY blend together?
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-physics, math, biomechanics, anatomy, and physiology
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What is anatomical position?
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-where the feet are forward and slightly together, palms are forward, head is straight
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What is fundamental position?
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-where the feet are forward and slightly together, palms are facing the body, head is straight
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Define superior
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-toward the head -above another body structure |
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Define inferior
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-toward the feet -below another body structure |
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Define anterior |
-toward the front of the body
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Define posterior
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-toward the back of the body
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Define medial
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-closer to the midline of the body or medial structure
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Define lateral
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-farther away from the midline of the body or structure
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Define proximal
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-closer to the trunk of the body or point of origin
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Define distal
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-farther away fro the trunk of the body or point of origin
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Define superficial
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-closer to the surface
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Define deep
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-farther away from the surface
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Define flexor surface
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-anterior surface of the body for upper extremities -posterior surface of the body for the lower extremities |
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Define extensor surface
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-anterior surface of the body for lower extremities -posterior surface of the body for the upper extremities |
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Define palmar surface
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-palm of the hand
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Define dorsum
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-posterior surface of the hand -superior surface of the foot |
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Define plantar surface
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-inferior surface of the foot
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Define interior
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-structure inside or internal
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Define exterior
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-a structure outside or external
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Define ipsilateral
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-a structure relative to another structure on the same side of the body
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Define contralateral
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-a structure relative to another location on the opposite side of the body
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Define bilateral
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-on both sides of the body, both sides of a body part, or has two sides or two parts
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What are the planes of the body?
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-Sagittal -Frontal -Horizontal |
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What is the sagittal plane?
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-an imaginary plane that passes through the body front to back and divides the body into right and left components
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What are the two types of sagittal planes?
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-midsagittal -parasagittal |
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What is midsagittal?
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-in the middle of the body |
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What is parasagittal?
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-any right and left division of the body that is not right in the middle
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What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
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-passes through the body from left to right and divides the body into a front and back component
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What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?
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-passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into an upper and lower component
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What is a cardinal plane?
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-the midline of all the planes that divides the body into equal parts
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What is the center of gravity?
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-where all things are balanced -where the three cardinal planes intersect at slightly anterior to S2 |
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What in an Axis?
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-a point that runs through the center of a joint around which a part rotates |
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What are the types of axis?
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-sagittal -frontal -vertical |
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What is the sagittal axis?
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-point that runs through the center of the joint front to back
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What is the frontal axis?
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-point that runs through the center of the joint from side to side
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What is the vertical axis?
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-a point that runs through the center of the joint from top to bottom or longitudinally
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Define flexion
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-bending a joint -decrease an angle between two parts -bringing two body surfaces closer together -occurs in a sagittal plane and a coronal axis |
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Define extension
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-increasing an angle between two parts -usually returning the body to anatomical position -occurs in a sagittal plane and a coronal axis |
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Define hyperextension
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-continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
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Define abduction
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-away from the body -away from the midline of the body -occurs in the coronal plane and the sagittal axis |
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Define adduction
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-toward the midline of the body -occurs in the coronal plane and the sagittal axis |
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Define lateral flexion
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-segment that is moving as part of the midline of the body goes to either side -lateral bending, side bending, side flexion |
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Define circumduction
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-combination of adduction and abduction and flexion and extension -the distal extremity makes a big circle and the proximal extremity makes a small circle |
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Define rotation
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-motion of the body segment of the transverse plane
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Define medial (internal) rotation |
-rotation of the anterior surface of the body part moving toward the midline
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Define lateral (external) rotation
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-rotation of the anterior surface of the body part moving away from the midline of the body
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Define protraction
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-movement parallel to the ground and away from the midline
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Define retraction
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-movement parallel to the ground and toward the midline
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Define elevation
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-lifting a body part moving superiorly
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Define depression
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-lifting a body part moving inferiorly
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Define supination
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-(forearm) palm faces anteriorly -like holding soup |
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Define pronation
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-(forearm) palm faces posteriorly
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Define inversion
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-commonly used for supination -plantar surface of the foot turns inward |
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Define eversion
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-plantar surface of the foot faces outward
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Define dorsiflexion
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-foot moves superiorly at the ankle joint
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Define plantarflexion
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-foot moves inferiorly at the ankle joint
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Define radial deviation
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-occurs at the wrist -hand moves toward the thumb side |
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Define ulnar deviation
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-occurs at the wrist -hand moves toward the pinky side |
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Define horizontal adduction
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-shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees and the shoulder moves away from the midline
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Define mechanics
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-branch of physics that deals with the study of forces and the motion that is produced by their actions -the motion of material objects |
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Define Mass
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-the amount of matter in an object -weight of an object |
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Define gravity
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-the attraction of the mass of the earth for the mass of other objects
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Define friction
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-its the resistance to relative motion -can be optimal, excessive, or inadequate -potentially exists anytime you have two objects in contact with one another |
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Define force
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-a push or pull that one object exerts on another object -an action or influence that moves or attempts to move an object -has both magnitude and direction |
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What are the types of motions that occur in the human body?
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-linear -rectilinear -curvilinear -rotary |
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Define linear motion
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-translatory motion -motion occurs in a straight line from one location to another -all parts move in the same direction, same distance, and moves at the same time -two types: rectilinear and curvilinear |
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Define rectilinear motion
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-motion truly occurring in a straight line
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Define curvilinear motion
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-movement takes place along a curved path
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Define rotary motion
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-something rotating -movement of an object about a fixed point -all parts move in through the same angle, at the same time and in the same direction but they don't all move the same distance |
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Define linear force
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-results when two or more forces are acting along the same line |
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Define Parallel force
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-occurs in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction but has a counter force going in the opposite direction -ex: brace, see-saw |
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Define concurrent forces
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-occur when two or more forces act from a common point but pull in different directions
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Define resultant force
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-somewhere in between the two concurrent forces, drawn as an arrowed line in a parallelogram -the net effect of those two other forces |
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Define force couple
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-two forces act in an equal but opposite direction resulting in a turning effect -ex: opening a jar |
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Define torque
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-the ability of force to produce rotation around an axis -ex: wrench to tighten bolt |
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What are the factors that impact a stable equilibrium?
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-the lower the center of gravity the more stable -COG needs to be over the center of the object to remain stable -stability increases as the base of support widens -the greater the mass of an object the greater the stability -the greater the friction b/w the supporting surface and the base of support the more stable -focus on a stable object when moving |
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What are Newtons three laws of motion?
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-The law of inertia -the law of acceleration -the law of action-reaction |
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What is the law of inertia?
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-an object at rest tends to stay at rest, an object in motion tends to stay in motion, until an outside force acts on it
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What is the law of acceleration?
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-the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object -acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object |
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What is the law of action-reaction?
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-anytime an object applies a force to another object there is an equal and opposite force back on the original object -for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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What are the two types of forces that will cause the body to move or stop moving?
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-internal forces -external forces |
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What are internal forces?
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-muscle contractions, ligamentous restraint, bony restraint
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What are external forces?
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-gravity, externally applied resistance in the form of weights, friction
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Define intertia
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-a property of matter that causes it to resist any changes of its motion in either speed or direction
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What is compressive stress?
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-pressure -occurs when two externally applied forces are equal and they act in a line toward each other in opposite sides of each other |
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What is tensile stress?
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-stretching -occurs when two externally applied forces are equal and act along the same line and in opposite directions |
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Define biomechanics
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-mechanical principals that relate directly to the human body, a living system -two sections: static and dynamic |
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What are the two sections in the dynamic category of biomechanics?
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-kinetics -kinematics |
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Define kinetics
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-branch of biomechanics (dynamic) -forces causing movements |
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Define kinematics
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-branch of biomechanics (dynamic) -deal with aspects of time, space, and mass -divided into two sections: osteokinematics and arthrokinematics |
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Define osteokinematics
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-bone -deals with how the bones move in space without regard to joint surfaces |
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Define arthrokinematics
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-joints -joint surface move in relationship to one another -deals with the manner in which adjoining bones move in the joint (same direction or opposite direction) |
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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-gives support and shape to the body -protects vital organs such as the brain and heart -assists in movement by providing a ridged structure for muscle attachment and leverage -manufactures blood cells in various locations -bones store mineral salts, to maintain the rigidity of the bones |
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What is the axial skeleton?
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-more towards the center of the body -head, thorax, and trunk -80 bones in all |
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
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-extremities -arms and legs -126 bones in all |
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What are the various tissue types in bone?
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-fibrous tissue -cartilaginous tissue -osseous tissue -nervous system tissue -vascular tissue |
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What is fibrous tissue?
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-connective tissue, mainly of fibers
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What is cartilaginous tissue?
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-cartilage, dense, strong connective tissue -cells are embedded in a matrix |
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What is osseous tissue?
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-true bone tissue -connective tissue impregnated with phosphate and carbonate of calcium |
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How much of organic living material and inorganic material does bone have?
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-1/3 organic living material -2/3 inorganic material |
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What is compact bone?
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-forms dense hard outer shell of all bones -thicker along shaft of bone and thinner at the ends |
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What is cancellous bone?
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-spongy bone -more towards the end of long bones, not as strong or think -honeycomb spaces filled with bone marrow -composed of thin plates that meet other plates at various angles called trabeculae |
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What is the epiphysis?
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-end of long bone -osseous tissue -made of cartilage in younger people |
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What is the epiphyseal plate/line?
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-cartilage turned into bone and fused with the bone
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What is the diaphysis?
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-long shaft of bone -primarily of compact bone -medullary canal contains bone marrow |
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What is the endosteum?
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-membrane lining the medullary canal
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What is the metaphysis?
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-area at the end of the diaphysis where the bone flares and between the epiphysis -primarily cancellous bone tissue |
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What is the periosteum?
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-membrane on outside of the bone, provides nutrition and area of attachment
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What is articular cartilage?
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-hyaline cartilage -any place where there would be an articulation with another bone -a joint |
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What are the types of bones?
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-long bones -short bones -flat bones -irregular bones -sesamoid bones |
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What are long bones?
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-longer than it is wide -EX: clavicle, humerus, phalanges, femur, tibia |
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What are short bones?
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-has more equal dimensions, has more a cuboidal shape -tends to have more of an articular surface, generally articulate with 2 or more bones, has narrow cavity in the middle -EX: carpals, tarsals |
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What are flat bones?
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-have a relatively broad surface, not necessarily thick -tend to have a curve surface than being flat -EX: scapula, hip |
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What are irregular bones?
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-have a variety of shapes -EX: vertebrae, mandible, coccyx |
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What are sesamoid bones?
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-encased in a tendon, resembles shape of seed -EX: patella, bone in thumb and foot |
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Define joint
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-an articulation -a union between one bone and another |
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What is the function of a joint?
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-provide an ability to move -motion and stability |
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What are the types of joints?
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-fibrous joint -cartilaginous joint -synovial joints |
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What is a fibrous joint?
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-thin layer of fibrous periosteum between two bones -ends of bones are shaped to interlock with each other -synarthrodial joint=very little movement -purpose= strength and stability |
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What is an example of a fibrous joint?
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-sutures of the head
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What is a cartilaginous joint?
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-has hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, or elastic cartilage between bones -amphiarthrodial joint=small amount of movement provide a great deal of stability |
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What is an example of a cartilaginous joint that has hyaline cartilage?
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-1st sternocostal joint
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What is an example of a cartilaginous joint that has fibrocartilage?
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-intervertebral discs
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What is an example of a cartilaginous joint that has elastic cartilage?
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-pubic symphysis
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What is a synovial joint?
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-there is no direct union between the bone ends, there is a space/cavity there -not connected by cartilage or fibrous tissue, there is a lot more movement allowed there -sleeve like capsule around the joint, inside the synovial tissue that secretes synovial fluid which baths the bones -diarthrodial joint=allows for free movement |
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Describe hyaline cartilage
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-articular cartilage, covers the ends of long bones, in synovial joints -relatively void of nerve or blood supply |
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Describe fibrocartilage
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-acts as shock absorber, intervertebral dis or menisci in knee or labrum in shoulder
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Describe elastic cartilage
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-designed to allow for a certain type of motion -larynx and pubic symphysis |
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What are the types of synovial joints?
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-plane -hinge -pivot -condyloid -saddle -ball and socket |
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Describe a plane joint
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-nonaxial joints -two articulating surfaces that are almost flat and allow for a gliding movement only -linear movement, a motion that occurs secondary to another movement -ex: intercarpals |
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Describe a hinge joint
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-uniaxial, flexion and extension -EX: knee and elbow |
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Describe a pivot joint
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-uniaxial -one bone rotates within a fibro-osseous ring -EX: C1 moving on C2, radius and ulna |
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Describe a condyloid joint
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-modified ball and socket -biaxial -flexion/extension and adduction/abduction -strong capsular joint that prevents rotation -EX: MCP joints |
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Describe a saddle joint
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-sellar joint -biaxial joint allows for flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation -both joint surfaces are concave -EX: thumb |
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Describe a ball and socket joint
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-triaxial joint allows for flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation -on articular surface is convex the other concave -has three degrees of movement -EX: shoulder and hip |
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Define arthokinematics
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-looking at the shape of joint surfaces and the movements of joints directed by the shape of those surfaces
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Describe the concave-convex law
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-a convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction of the joint movement -a concave joint surface moves in the same direction of the joint movement |
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What are the three ways a joint surface can move?
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-glide -roll -spin |
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Describe what a glide is
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-linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining surface
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Describe what a roll is
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-rotation of joint surface about a moving mechanical axis
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Describe what a spin is
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-rotation of joint surface about a fixed mechanical axis
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Define joint play/accessory movement
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- capsule elasticity that allows movement of the joint surface but not under volitional control but is absolutely necessary for normal voluntary movement
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Define joint traction
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-when the joint surfaces are pulled apart
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Define joint approximation
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-when the joint surfaces are pushed together
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Define end feel
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-a subjective assessment of the quality of the feel when a slight overpressure is applied at the end of the available range
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What are the types of normal end feel?
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-bony end feel -capsular end feel -soft tissue approximation |
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Describe bony end feel
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-characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to joint movement -EX: elbow |
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Describe capsular end feel
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-firm limitation of motion with a slight give -EX: shoulder |
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Describe soft tissue approximation
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-muscle bulk prevents further movement
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What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body?
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-skeletal -smooth -cardiac |
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Describe what a sarcolemma is
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-outer covering of a muscle fiber
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Describe what myofibrils are
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-elongated thread like structures -makes up muscle fiber -made up of two filaments |
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What are the two filaments that make up a myofibril?
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-actin- thin protein -myosin- thick protein |
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What is the A-BAND?
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-where both filaments overlap each other
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What is the I-BAND?
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-where only the thin filament is -ACTIN filament |
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What is the H-BAND?
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-where only the thick filament is -MYOSIN filament |
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What is the Z-LINE?
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-separate sarcomeres
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What is the epimysium?
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-connective tissue covering that surrounds the entire muscle
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What is a fasciculi?
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-longitudinal bundles of muscle fibers
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Describe a cross-bridge
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-where actin and myosin connect/join together. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium causing the cross bridge to pull together, shortening the sarcomere.
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What is the origin of a muscle?
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-attachment of a muscle to a more stationary bone -tends to be proximal |
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What is the insertion of a muscle?
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-attachment of a muscle to a more moveable bone -tends to be distal |
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What is the reversal of muscle action?
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-when a typical origin is actually moving and the typical insertion is actually stationary
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What do muscle names tell us about the muscle?
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-about its location -about its shape -about its action -number of heads/divisions -about its origins and insertions/attachments -direction of fibers -the size |
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Describe parallel muscle fiber arrangement
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-fibers run parallel the muscle tends to be longer -greater potential for range of motion |
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Describe oblique muscle fiber arrangement
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-fibers run oblique the muscle tends to be smaller, shorter -built for strength rather than range of motion |
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Define irritability
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-ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus
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Define contractility
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-ability to shorten or contract
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Define extensibility
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-ability to stretch or lengthen
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Define elasticity
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-ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when a stretching force is removed
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Define tension
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-force that is built up within a muscle that is necessary for a muscle to contract or recoil -muscle tension builds up when the muscle is stretched and is released when the muscle shortens |
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Define tone
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-slight tension that is present in a normal muscle at all times
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How much is a muscle capable of shortening?
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-1/2 its original length
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How much is a muscle capable of lengthening?
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-1/2 times its normal resting length
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Define prime mover (agonist)
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-muscle that is carrying out an action
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Define antagonist
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-a muscle that has an action that is opposite the agonist
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Define synergist
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-muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover -works together with prime mover |
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Define active insufficiency
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-when a muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any more
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Define passive insufficiency
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-when a muscle has lengthened as much as it can and cannot lengthen any more without damage to the fibers
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Define isometric contraction
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-same length -muscle is contracting, generates force but has no angular movement |
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Define isotonic contraction
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-muscle contracts or lengthens -muscle gets longer or shorter, does have angular movement |
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Define concentric muscle contraction
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-muscle shortens - either contracting against gravity or some kind of resistance |
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Define eccentric muscle contraction
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-muscle lengthens (longer) -gravity is assisting in that movement and person has to control that movement |
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Define isokinetic muscle contraction
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-can only be done if done with an isokinetic machine -resistance to the body varies but the speed or velocity remains the same |
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What is a closed kinetic chain?
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-the distal segment is closed or fixed and the proximal segment is moving or open -helps more with stability |
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What is an open kinetic chain?
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-the distal segment is open or moving and the proximal segment is closed or stationary -helps more with control, movement, strengthening |
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Define force couple
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-when two forces act in opposite directions and rotates
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What are the components of a lever system?
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-lever -fulcrum -force/effort -resistance |
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Define lever
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-ridged bar that can rotate about a fixed point when a force is applied to it that can overcome some kind of resistance -ex: bones |
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Define fulcrum
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-axis -fixed point about which a lever rotates, causes the lever to move -ex: joint |
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Define force/effort in a lever
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-causes the lever to move -ex: muscles |
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Define resistance in a lever
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-what we need to overcome in order to move -ex: weight of body part or external resistance applied |
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Describe a first class lever
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-axis is located between the force and the resistance -designed to show balance -ex: see-saw, head sitting on the first cervical vertebrae |
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Describe a second class lever
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-resistance lies between the axis and the force -designed for power -ex: wheel barrel, no true lever in the body |
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Describe a third class lever
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-force lies between the axis and the resistance -designed for range of motion -ex: axis is joint, resistance is gravity, force is the muscle |
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What is an example of a force couple in the body?
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-the scapula moving
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What is a closed-packed position?
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-the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other -the ligaments and capsule hold the joint together are taut -congruent |
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What is an open-packed position?
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-position of maximum incongruence -resting position -parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax |
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Define palpation
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-examining the surface of the body by touching the body
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Why would you use palpation?
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-helps assess bony and soft tissue structure and temperature -tell if there is swelling/edema -find bony landmarks -find soft tissue -see if there is pain -find muscle spasm |
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What techniques are employed to increase effectiveness of palpation?
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-keep patient comfortable and relaxed and warm while exposing the area that will palpated -tell them what you are going to do -always ask permission -use the pads of your fingers -use a firm but sensitive touch, listen to fingertips -remember body mechanics to protect you -raise and lower treatment table |
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Define goniometry
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-measurement of angles created at joints by the bones of the body -measures the motion that occurs |
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What are the parts of a goniometer?
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-Proximal arm/stationary arm -Distal arm/ moveable arm -body/axis |
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Why do you perform goniometry?
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-document progress or lack thereof -document where patient started -aids in modifying intervention -helps establish diagnosis -helps assess active and passive range of motion -motivates patient |
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Define range of motion
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-arch of motion that occurs in a joint or series of joints -measured in degrees 0-180 -starting position is always anatomical position |
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Define active ROM
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-arch of motion achieved by a subject during unassisted, voluntary joint motion
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What does active range of motion tell you?
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-patients willingness to move -tells about coordination -tells about muscle strength -tells about joint range of motion |
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Define passive range of motion
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-arch of motion achieved by an examiner without assistance by the subject
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What does passive range of motion tell you?
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-tells about integrity of the articular surfaces -tells about the joint capsule and the associated ligaments and muscles |
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Define hypomobility
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-a decrease in passive range of motion substantially less than normal values for that joint given the subjects gender and age
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Define hypermobility
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-an increase in passive range of motion that substantially exceeds normal values for that joint given the subjects gender and age
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Define capsular pattern
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-a pathological condition that involved the entire joint capsule, we then see a specific pattern of limited passive range of motion in some or all of the movements available in that joint
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Define noncapsular pattern
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-only see one or two motions that are being restricted
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What factors affect range of motion?
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-previous injury -pain -flexibility -strength -age and gender -disease -medications -temperature -body mass index |
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What is the process of positioning a patient for goniometric measurement?
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-want to position patient so the joint is in 0 position and may need to stabilize the proximal joint segment -might need to give instructions -show and tell about what to do |
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What is the process of aligning a goniometer against a joint for the purpose of measurement?
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-align arms with proximal and distal segments of the joint being measured -body aligned with the axis of the joint -use bony landmarks -body part must be exposed -proximal/stationary arm is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal segment -distal/moveable arm is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the segment distal to the joint being measured |
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What are the essential components to be included in recording of joint ROM?
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-patients name -date and time -examiners name -side of the body -which joint is being measured -the motion being measured -active or passive or active assisted range of motion -range of motion including the number at the beginning and the end |
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Define validity
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-the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
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Define reliability
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-the amount of consistency between successive measurements of the same variable under the same conditions. -there can be 5 degrees of differences between measurements if there is more than one examiner |
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Describe the break test
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-have person move through complete range or the examiner places the limb somewhere in the range, usually against gravity, told to hold it there and manual resistance is applied to the limb at the distal end
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Describe the grading system for manual muscle testing
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-5 is normal; patient completes the full range of motion against gravity and they hold that position against maximum resistance -4 is good; the patient completes the full range of motion against gravity and they hold that position against moderate resistance but they break with maximum resistance -3+; patient has completed the full range of motion and can hold the position against mild resistance -3 is fair; patient completes the full range of motion against gravity but they cannot hold that against any resistance -3-; patient can complete more than 1/2 of the range against gravity but not the full range; anything less than full range against gravity -2+; patient can complete less than 1/2 of the range against gravity -2 is fair; patient can complete a full range of motion in a gravity eliminated position -2-; patient can complete part of the range in a gravity eliminated position but cannot complete the full range -1 is trace; cannot see any joint movement at all but palpate the muscle contractility activity -0 is zero; do not see or palpate any contractile activity/movement in the muscle
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Define nervous system
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-highly complex system that controls, stimulates, and coordinates all other body systems
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Describe the axon
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-can be short or long (1ml to 20in ) Fiber that takes the nerve impulses away from the cell body
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Describe the dendrites
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-picks up information from another cell, receive impulses from other cells and bring them to the cell
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Describe the axon cylinder
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-surrounded by myelin seethe
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Describe myelin
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-increase speed of electrical impulses
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Describe neurilemma
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-covers myelin
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Define efferent
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-CNS away -travels distally to an organ, gland or muscle |
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Define afferent
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-conduct impulses from a point distal to the CNS, going to the CNS, from the skin and muscle
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Define tract
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-a group of myelinated nerve fibers within the CNS that carry a specific type of information from one area to another
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Describe the frontal lobe
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-anterior portion -deals with personality, motor movement and speech |
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Describe the occipital lobe
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-back portion -deals with vision and recognizing sizes, shapes and color |
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Describe the parietal lobe
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-between the frontal and the occipital lobes -deals with gross sensations (touch and pressure), determination of texture, determination of weight, size, shape and reading skills |
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Describe the temporal lobe
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-under the parietal lobe on sides -deals with hearing, language reception and understanding, behavior, judgement and consequences |
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Describe the thalamus
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-lies deep between cerebral hemispheres -relay station for sensations |
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Describe the brain stem
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-important with respect to automatic control centers (breathing, blood pressure) -passageway from the brain to the rest of the body |
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Describe the cerebellum
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-sits in posterior aspect -important with respect to muscle function, coordination, muscle tone and posture |
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Describe the spinal cord
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-runs from the skull (foramen magnum) and traverses down the spine -goes to the conus medullaris at the location of L2 -collection of nerve roots (L2-S5) called the cauda equine -17 inches in length |
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Describe gray matter
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-shape of H in the middle of the spinal cord -posterior/dorsal horn: sensory/afferent impulses back to the brain -ventral horn: motor/efferent impulses away from the brain |
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Describe white matter
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-surrounds gray matter
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How many cranial nerves are there?
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-12 pairs -sensory -motor -or both -all origins in brain |
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How many spinal nerves are there?
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-31 pairs -8 cervical nerves -12 thoracic nerves -5 lumbar nerves -5 sacral nerves -1 coccygeal |
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Describe the thoracic nerves
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-12 pairs -except for T1 (part of the brachial plexus) don't combine with other nerves and very segmental in their relationship with other nerves -anterior rami becomes the intercostal nerves, provides sensory and motor to the trunk |
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Describe the cervical plexus
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-made up of anterior primary rami of the first four cervical nerves C1-C4 -innervate the neck muscles |
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Define dermatomes
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-area on skin that is supplied with sensory fibers of a specific spinal nerve
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Describe the brachial plexus |
Innervates muscles of the upper limb. Includes the axillary nerve, muscolocutaneous nerve, radial neeve, median nerve, and the ulnar nerve |
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Describe the axillary nerve |
Comprised of c5 and c6 Innervates muscles in the shoulder |
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Describe the muscolocutaneous nerve |
C5 and c6 Innervates muscles in the anterior upper arm and forearm |
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Describe the radial nerve |
Comprised of c6,c7,c8,t1 Innervates muscles in the posterior upper arm and forearm |
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Describe the median nerve |
C6,c7,c8,t1 Innervates anterior forearm and thumb |
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Describe the ulnar nerve |
C8 and t1 Innervates structures in the forearm |
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Describe the lumbosacral plexus |
Anterior rami of l1-s3 Innervates muscles in the lower extremity Includes femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and the common peroneal nerve |
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Describe the femoral nerve |
Comprised of l2, l3, LA Innervates the anterior thigh |
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Describe the obturator nerve |
Comprised of l2,l3,L4 Innervates muscles in the medial aspect of thigh |
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Describe the sciatic nerve |
Comprised of l4,l5,s1,s2, and s3 Innervates the posterior thigh |
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Describe the tibial nerve |
Comprised of l4,l5,s1,s2,s3 Innervates the posterior lateral aspect of the lower leg |
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Describe the common peroneal nerve |
Comprised of l4,l5,s1,s2 Innervates muscles of the anterior and medial aspect of the lower leg |
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Define proprioceptor |
Special receptors that are sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure. Rapidly relay information about muscles, joints, and movements of a body part. Can be conscious or unconscious |
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Define muscle spindle |
Provide sensory information about the change in muscle fiber length and the tension in the muscle fibers. Cause the body to respond to any stretch of a muscle, can be a reflex response. Lie parallel to the muscle fibers |
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Define Golgi tendon organ |
Specialized sensory receptors found at Junction where the muscle joins the tendon. Detects differences in muscle tension that is generated by active muscle activity rather than length |
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List the cranial nerves in order |
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal accessory Hypoglossal |
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Define foramen |
Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass |
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Define fossa |
Hollow or depression |
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Define groove |
Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessels |
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Define meatus |
Canal or tubelike opening in a bone |
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Define sinus |
Air filled cavity within a bone |
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Define condyle |
Rounder knucklelike projection |
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Define eminence |
Projecting, prominent part of bone |
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Define facet |
Flat or shallow articular surface |
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Define head |
Rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone |
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Define crest |
Sharp Ridge or boder |
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Define epicondlye |
Prominence above or on a condyle |
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Define line |
Less prominent ridge |
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Define spine |
Long, thin projection |
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Define tubercle |
Small, rounded projection |
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Define tuberosity |
Large, rounded projection |
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Define trochanter |
Very large prominence for muscle attachment |