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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
5 Sections of the Vertebral column and how many
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C 1-7, T 1-12, L 1-5, S 1-5, Coccyx 4
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Climb Tall Ladders Slowly, Coccyx
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Attributes of vertebral column
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has a body, is the spinal canal, larger at the lower portions to support pressure
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3 things
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Primary curvature
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born with it, thoracic and sacral
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born in fetal position
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Secondary curvature
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develops as we walk, cervical and lumbar
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standing position
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Kyphosis
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from osteoporosis, thoracic hump, usually found in the elderly
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hunchback of notre dame
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Lordosis
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increased lumbar curvature, usually from pregnancy and beer bellies
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Lord, don't drink while you're preggo!
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Scoliosis
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spine is curved to the side
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Most frequently injured vertebrae
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L4 & L5
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don't hurt my lazy 4 guys and my lovely 5 girls!
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Vertebrae are what type of joint?
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diarthrodial, irregular/plane
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same as GH joint
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Actions of cervical region?
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flexion, extension, rotating R&L, lateral flexion and extension
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think of neck movements
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Lumbar region movements
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flex, extend, rotate R&L, laterally flex and extend, same as cervical
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same as cervical
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Thoracic region movements
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least mobile due to overlapping spinous processes
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strongest region
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Sacral region movement
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least mobile, fused bones
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tailbone
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Coccyx movements
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no musculature
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end of tailbone
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Functions of the vertebrae
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1. support head and girdle
2. protects spinal cord 3. base of support and stability for appendages 4. provides attachment sites for musculature |
4 functions -- sally plays alex's anthem
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Where is stability better and why?
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Better in thoracic because of overlapping spinous processes & ribs
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Two parts of discs
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Annulus fibrosis (fibrous circle) and Nucleus pulposa (jello-like inside)
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eat your fiber and then your jello
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Sciatica
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discs put pressure on the sciatic nerves and cause pain
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think of mom
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4 types of back muscles
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1. very deep
2. not so very deep 3. erector spinae 4. quadratus lumborum |
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Very deep muscles
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- close to the bone
- span one vertebrae - share the same actions |
smallest and shortest
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Movement of very deep muscles
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- if one side acts alone, you laterally flex to that side
- when one side contracts, you can rotate to the opposite side |
you get VD if you go to the opposite side
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Not so very deep muscles
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- superior to VD muscles
- span 3-5 vertebrae - longer and larger |
bigger
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Movement of very deep muscles
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- if one side acts alone, you laterally flex to that side
- when one side contracts, you can rotate to the opposite |
same as VD's
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Erector Spinae
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- hold the spine erect (duh)
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duh.
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Movement of Erector Spinae
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- contract symmetrically to extend
- flex to side when one side contracts - rotate to side that contracts |
Every Song is the same
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Quadratus Lumborum
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- quadratus muscle
- located in lumbar vertebrae - has most frequently injured discs (L4 & L5) - originates at iliac crest - easy to spasm, frequent lower back pain - raises hips in paralyzed person |
lumborum.. lumbar.
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Movement of Quadratus Lumborum muscles
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- laterally flexes to same side
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only one action
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Muscles of the abdomen
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Rectus Abdominius, External & Internal Obliques
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king & inside outside
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Rectus abdominius
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- most superficial
- most midline - one muscle fiber, inserts on pubic bone - fascial sheaths - flexes trunk, NOT HIP |
your 6 pack is not hip!
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External Obliques
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- attaches at lower 8 ribs
- flexion of the trunk - lateral sides of the abdomen - laterally flexes to same side, rotates to opposite |
When you're outside, you're opposite.
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Internal Obliques
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- lie deep to the external
- progrsses to costal cartilages - laterally flexes and rotate to same side |
When you're inside the circle, you're the same as every one else.
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Bones of the Pelvis
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- sacrum (5)
- ischium (2) - ileum (2) - pubis (2) |
5 silly idiots itched (their) pox
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Pubic symphysis
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cartilaginous articulation
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Sacroiliac joint
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- not fused
- cartilaginous - no movement - widens in females, not males |
babymaking time.
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Motions of the hip
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- anterior tilt
- posterior tilt - lateral tilt - rotation |
dance class
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Femorus Capitus (teres femorus)
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ligament which attaches fovia to acetabulum
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blood supply, Bo Jackson
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Acetabular Glenoid Labrum
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lining of the inside of the acetabulum
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inside the "C"
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Stability factors of hip joint
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same as GH, except no fascia and skin
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What causes the acetabulum to form?
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pressure
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What type of joint is the hip and how many axes?
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ball & socket - 3 axes
- flexion & extension - ab & ad - circumduction |
same as GH
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Lumbosacral plexus
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T12- S3
- goes under the spinous process - gives rise to many nerves |
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Femoral Nerve
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L2,3,4
- supply muscles on from of the thigh (quads, sartorius) - not often injured - if injured, pain will stop at knee - mixed nerve |
femur?
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Obturator Nerve
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L2,3,4
- rarely injured - supplies the adductors & gracilus |
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Gluteal Nerves
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L4,5 S1,2
- two parts (superior & inferior) - supply gluteus maximus, medius and minimus, and tensor fascia lata |
butt supplier
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Sciatic nerve
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L4,5 S1,2,3
- lowest on the plexus - most commonly injured by lifting and pregnancy - supplies all the way to the ankle and foot - supplies the hamstrings and everything under the knee |
bottom half of leg
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Gluteus Maximus
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- most superficial
- begins at sacrum and goes across hip bones - articulates into the greater trochanter - easy to palpate - supplied by gluteal nerves |
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Actions of the Gluteus Maximus
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- Extends ONLY against body weight (climbing stairs, rising from a chair)
- externally rotates - abduction of leg |
turn foot out and kick it to the side
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Gluteus Medius
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- origin on outside of the iliac crest
- good sized, smaller than max - inserts on great. troch. - innervated by the GN |
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Actions of the Gluteus Medius
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- Internally rotates hip
- abduction - STABILIZES THE PELVIS |
turn foot in and pull legs together
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Trenelenburg Sign/Gait
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when hip slams into trochanter, medius is unable to stabilize
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Gluteus Minimus
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- too small to stabilize the pelvis
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Actions of the Gluteus Minimus
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- internally rotate
- abduction |
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Rotator Cuff of the lower extremity
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6 deep lateral rotators that go superiorly down from the GTroch
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Hamstring Muscles
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- begin at the ischial tuberosity
- extend the hip - act on the knee - innervated by sciatic nerve |
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Biceps Femorus
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- on the back of the femur
- inserts into lower knee - extends the hip |
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Semitendonosus and Semimebranosus
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- inserts behind the knee
- extends the hip |
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Linea Aspera
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the line down the middle of the femur
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linea= line
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tensor fascia lata
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- named after fascial sheath on the side of the leg
- tenses the fascia, pulls it up to make it tighter - is for stability of the lateral aspect of the knee |
named after what?
tenses what? stability for what? |
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What is the fascia of the leg called?
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Iliotibial Band (IT BAND)
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where do you work?
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what does the tensor fascia lata do?
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abducts, flexes, internally rotates
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abby falls into radiators
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adductor group
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originates at the pubic ramus
brevis, longus, magnus, gracilus innvervated by the obturator nerve |
beau loves many girls
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iliopsoas
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protective
psoas takes nerves from vertebrea iliacus innervated by femoral nerve flexor, but also externally rotates and abducts |
the word iliopsoas is funny, but also raunchy and awesome!
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pectineus
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comes from pubic ramus
inserts on the lesser trochanter supplied by the femoral nerve adductor & flexor |
ally and fletcher has nice pecs!
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sartorius
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flexion, abduction, and external rotation
crosses the front of the thigh (indian style) |
sartorius is also funny, but also awesome and extra raunchy!
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rectus femorus
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king!
supplied by the femoral nerve flexes the hip |
femorus, flexes
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flexors of the hip
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iliopsoas
rectus femorus sartorius pectinius |
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extensors of the hip
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hamstrings
gluteus max when against body weight |
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adductors of the hip
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adductor longus
adductor brevis adductor magnus adductor gracilis |
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external rotators of the hip
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6 deep little lateral muscles
sartorius |
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internal rotators
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gluetus minimus
gluteus medius |
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when the hip flexes...
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the pelvis posteriorly tilts
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when the hip extends..
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the pelvis anteriorly tilts
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what type of joint is the knee?
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complicated hingle with one axis
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what are menisci of the knee?
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fibrocartiligenous circular recepticles that revieve the condyles of the femur
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what are the ligaments of the knee?
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anterior, posterior, collateral, oblique popliteal, patellar, cruciate
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what is the ligament that encapsulates the patella?
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patellar ligament, which protects the anterior aspect of the knee
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what does the oblique popliteal ligament do?
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covers the posterior aspect of the knee
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what are the 2 collateral ligaments?
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medial and lateral
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medial collateral ligament does what?
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attaches on the tibia
checks extension to keep femur from sliding back |
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lateral collateral ligament does what?
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attaches femur to fibula
checks extension, prevents movement to side |
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cruciate ligaments do what?
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are intracapsular
cross (cruciate) there are anterior and posterior prevents hyperextension |
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three things that attachs to medial aspect are? - unhappy triad
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anterior cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament medial meniscus |
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important things about the knee...
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many bursae
fat pad behind the patella patella and fibula are not part of the knee joint |
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what are the chunky bones of the ankle?
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talus & calcaneus
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what part of the quadricepts acts at the hips?
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rectus femorus
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hamstrings
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acts on hips and knees
supplied by the sciatic nerve |
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rotation of the knee
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femur condyles roll forward and laterally to block space between knee joint
biceps femorus assist with lateral rotation |
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three hamstrings are?
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biceps femorus, semitendonous, semimembranous
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gastrocs
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most prominent part of the calf
inserts on calcaneous flexes the knee supplied by medial popliteal nerve prevents overextension heel spurs & heel cord. |
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quadriceps
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rectus femorus
vastus lateralus vastus medialus vastus intermedialus |
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proper ankle is what type of joint?
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hinge - 1 axis
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intertarsals are what type of joint?
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irregular/plane - modified ball and socket - 0/3
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tarsal metatarsals are what type of joint?
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irregular/plane 0
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metatarsal phalangeal is what type of joint?
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ellipsoid - 2 axes
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proximal and distal interphalangeal joints are what type?
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hinge - 1 axis
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three tarsals to know are?
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calcaneus
talus navicular |
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proper ankle does what?
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flexion/extension
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intertarsals (it's) do what?
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dorsi & plantar flexion, ab & adduction, inversion & eversion
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tarsalmetatarsals (tmt's) do what?
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glide
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metatarsalphalangeal do what?
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ab & adduction
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PIP & DIP do what?
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flexion & extension
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stability factors of the ankle are?
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ligaments stretch, but don't contract
no fascia/skin talus slips out easily deltoid ligament holds talus in |
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arches of the ankle
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lateral arch begins at calcaneus, ends at MTP head
distributes weight, shock absorber |
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plantar fascia is what?
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the primary support of the arch
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spring ligaments do what?
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have yellow elastic fibers
called plantar calcaneal navicular ligament pulls the arch together ligament allows for small amount of spread and elastic spring back |
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what is plantar fascitis?
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inflammation of plantar fascia on the base of the calcaneus
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plantar flexors of the ankle?
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gastrocnemius
soleus plantaris |
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what does the gastroc do for the foot?
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plantar flexor
supplied by the sciatic nerve top of calf |
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soleus is what?
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under the gastrocs
3 heads of attachment only flexes the ankle |
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plantaris is what?
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plantar flexes the ankle
easy to rupture size of a pinkey |
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medial malleolus is made up of?
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tibialis anterior
flexor digitorum longus flexor hallicus longus |
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lateral malleolus is made up of?
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peroneus longus
peroneus brevis |
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what is the flexor digitorum longus?
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splits into 4 tendons
covered by specialized synovial sheaths has a flexor retinaculum acts on distal joints |
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Dorsiflexors of the proper ankle?
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tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus extensor hallicus longus |
Tom, Dick, and Harry
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Plantar flexors of the proper ankle?
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gastrocs
soleus plantaris tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus |
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intertarsal flexors
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tibialis anterior
ex. digitorum longus ex. hallicus longus |
Tom, Dick, and Harry
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intertarsal extensors
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tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus |
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intertarsal everters
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peroneus longus
peroneus brevis |
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intertarsal intervers
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tibialis anterior & posterior
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tarsal metatarsal flexors
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tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus extensor hallicus longus |
same as IT's
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tarsal metatarsal extensors
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tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus |
same as IT's
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tarsal metatarsal everters
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peroneus longus
peroneus brevis |
same as IT's
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tarsal metatarsal inverters
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tibialis anterior & posterior
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same as IT's
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metatarsal phalangeal flexors
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flex. digitorum longus
flex. hallicus longus |
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metatarsal phalangeal extensors
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ex. digitorum longus
ex. hallicus longus |
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interphalangeal flexion
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flex. digitorum longus
flex. hallicus longus |
same as MTP's
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interphalangeal extension
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ex. digitorum longus
ex. hallicus longus |
same as MTP's
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