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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Information Processing |
The analysis of how we process information. Internal and external input comes to the performer, is processed, resulting in some kind of output (like a computer). |
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Reaction Time |
(RT) Interval of time between presentation of unanticipated stimulus to beginning of response. Measure of information processing time. |
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Foreperiod |
Time between warning and stimulus presentation. |
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Movement Time |
(MT) Time between initiation and completion of movement. |
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Response time |
Time between signal onset and completion of movement (MT + RT). |
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Fractionated RT |
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Types of Reaction times |
1. Simple RT: 1 stimulus, 1 choice of reaction. 2. Choice RT: more than 1 stimulus, more than 1 choice of reactions. 3. Discrimination RT: many stimuli, but only 1 response to a specific stimulus (only choose one response). |
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Subtractive Method |
Donders, 1869: Attempted to measure each stage of information processing. Four stages: 1. Stimulus Detection (Detect that the stimulus has occurred) 2. Stimulus Recognition (Recognize what stimulus it is) 3. Response Selection (Select a response) 4. Response Program ( Program the response) |
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Donders' Task A |
The equivalent to simple reaction time. S --> Detection --> Response Programming --> R |
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Donders' Task B |
The equivalent to choice RT. Two stimuli, two responses. S --> Stimulus Detection --> Recognition --> Response Selection --> Response Program --> R |
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Donders' Task C |
The equivalent to discrimination RT. Two stimuli, one response. S --> Stimulus Detection --> Stimulus Recognition --> Response Program --> R |
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Stimulus Identification |
Sensory Stage: Analysis of environment, Includes stimulus detection &recognition, stimulus representation passed ontoresponse selection stage |
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Response Selection |
Translates information betweensensory input and movement output. Decides on type of movement, giventhe nature of the environment (i.e. “rough draft” of plan). |
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Response Programming |
Readies brainstem and spinal cord, retrieves and organizes a motorplan (instruction), directs muscles and parameters(force, order, timing, etc.), All this leads to output – i.e.selected movement |
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Bits of Information |
The amount of information required to reduce uncertainty by half. Bits = log(2) (N) |
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Hick - Hyman Law |
RT = a + b * Log2(N) Reaction time = intercept(simple RT) + slope(rate of increase) * bits of information(N-->number of alternatives) |
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SR Compatability |
The degree of natural or learned correspondence between a stimulus and a response. Low compatibility = increase reaction time due to longer response selection stage. |
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Henry & Rogers Movement Complexity Experiment |
(1960) Henry And Rogers Studies simple RT and movement complexity: Finger lift RT = 150ms Finger lift, reach and grasp ball RT = 195ms Finger lift, hit ball, reversal movement, hit ball RT = 208ms |
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Event Predictability |
Allows performer to anticipate and bias preparation process, completely skipping RS. |
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Factors Affecting Stimulus Identification |
Performer alertness, foreperiod, performer’s attentional focusstimulus intensity |
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Factors Affecting Response Selection |
Practice, # S-R Alternatives, S-R Compatibility |
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Factor Affecting Response Programming |
Movement Complexity, Movement Accuracy |