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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
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Umbilical
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Immediately superior to the umbilical region; overlies most of stomach
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Epigastric region
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Immediately inferior to the umbilical region; encompasses the pubic area
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Hypogastric (pubic) region
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Lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones
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Iliac (inguinal) regions
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Between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region
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Lumbar regions
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The basic unit or building block of all living things is the..
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Cell
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A ___ is a group of cells that are similar in structure and function.
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Tissue
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An ____ is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body. For ex: the small intestine which digests and absorbs nutrients, is composed of all four tissue types.
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Organ
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An ____ ____ is a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function
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Organ System
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Supports the microscope
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Base
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Light passes directly upward through the microscope. Located in the base.
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Substage light
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The platform the slide rests on while being viewed.
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Stage
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Small substage lens that concentrates the light on the specimen. The ..... may have a rack and pinion knob that raises and lowers the condenser to vary light delivery
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Condenser
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Arm attached to the base of the condensor that regulates the amount of light passing throught the condensor. the ..... ....... permits the best possible contrast when viewing the specimen
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Iris diaphragm lever
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Used to focus on the specimen
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Coarse adjustment knob
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Used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed.
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Fine adjustment knob
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Supports the objective lens system and the ocular lens
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Head
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Vertical portion of the microscope connecting the base and head.
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Arm
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An ocular lense has the magnification of ___
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10x
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Rotating mechanism at the base of the head. Generally carries three or four objective lenses and permits sequential positioning of these lenses over the light beam passing through the hole in the stage.
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Nosepiece
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The ____ lens has a magnification between 4x and 5x
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Scanning
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The _____ lens has a magnification of 10x
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Low power
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The ____ objective lens has a magnification range form 40x to 50x
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High power
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The ___ image is projected to the ocular.
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Real
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This real image is magnified by the ocular lens to produce the ____ image seen by your eye.
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Virtual
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Any specimen being viewed is equal to the power of the ocular lens mutipied by the power of the objective lens used. Ex: If the ocular lens magnifies 10x and the objective lens being used magnifies 45x the ___ ____ is 450x
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Total Magnification
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The ability to discriminate two close objects as separate
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Resolution
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The area you see through is the...
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Field
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How far the bottom of the objective lens is from the specimen
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Working Distance
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Today most good lab microscopes are ____ that is, the slide hsould be in focus at the higher mag once you have properly focused
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Parfocal
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The specimen clearly in focus is geater at lower magnifations
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Depth of field
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In preparing a wet mount you use...
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Physiological Saline, iodine, or methylene blue.
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When the cell is not dividing, the genetic material is loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form called ____
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Chromatin
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When the cell is in the process of dividing to form daughter cells, the chromatin coils and condenses, forming dense, darkly staining rodlike bodies called ____
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Chromosomes
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The nucleus also contains one or more small round bodies called ____ composed primaily of proteins and RNA
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Nucleoli
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The nucleus is bound by double-layered porous membrane called the ____ ____
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Nuclear Envelope
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The nuclear envelope is distinguished by its large ___ ___. Although they are spanned by diaphragms, these pores permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules.
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Nuclear Pores
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The ___ ___ separates the cell contents from the surrounding evironment. Its main structural building blocks are phospolipids and globular protein molecules,
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Plasma Membrane
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Metabolic machinery of the cell
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Organelles
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___, are densely staining, roughly spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein. They are actual sites of protein sythesis. They are seen floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to a membranous structure.
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Ribosomes
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The ___ ____ is a highly folded system of membranous tubules and cisternae that extends throughout the cytoplasm. The __ is continuous with the nuclear envelope. Thus, it is assumed that the __ provides a system of channels for the transport of cellular substances (proteins) from one part of the cell to the other.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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___ ___ is studded with ribosomes. Its cisternae modify and store the newly formed proteins and dispatch them to other areas of the cell.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The ___ ___ does not participate in protein synthesis but is preseint in conspicuous amounts in cells that produce steroid-based hormones. It is very active in lipid metabolism.
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Smooth E.R
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The ___ ____ is a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends that is generally found close to the nucleus. Within its cisternae, the proteins delivered to it by transport vesicles from the rough ER are modified and packaged into membranous vesicles that ultimately (1) are incorporated into the plasma membrane, (2) become secretory vesicles that release their contents from the cell, or (3) become lysosomes.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Various-sized membranous sacs containgin degestive enzymes; funtion to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell; have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured.
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Lysosomes
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Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals.
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Peroxisomes
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Generally rod shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane is thrown into folds, or cristae; contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellullar energy (ATP); powerhouse of the cell! has its own DNA
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Mitochondria
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____ elements ramify throughout the cytoplasm, forming an internal scaffolding ccalled the ____ that supports and moves substanceswithin the cell.
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Cytoskeleton
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The ____ are slender tubules formed of proteins called tubulins.
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Microtubules
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____ ____ are stable proteinaceous cytoskeltal ements that act as internal guy wires to resist mechanical (pulling) forces acting on cells
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Intermediate Filaments
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ribbon or cordlike elements, are formed of contractile proteins, primarily actin.
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Microfilaments
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The paired ___ lie close to the nucleus in all animal cells capable of reproducing themselves. They are rod shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other.
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Centrioles
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Each ___ is composed of nine triplets of microtubules.
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Centrioles
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During cell division, the ___ direct the formation of the mitotic spindle.
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Centrioles
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____ form the cell projections called cilia and flagella, and in that role are called basal bodies.
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Centrioles
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Stored food, pigment granules, crystals, and ingested foreign materials are not part of the active metabolic machinery of the cell and are therefore called ___
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Inclusions
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The longer period during which the cell grows and carries out its usual activities.
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Interphase
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When the cell reproduces itself by dividing.
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Cell Division
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___ is nuclear division
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Mitosis
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____ is the division of the cytoplasm, which begins after mitosis is nearly complete.
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Cytokinesis
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The product of ___ is two daughter nuclei that are genetically identical to the mother nucleus.
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Mitosis
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A specialized type of nuclear division that occurs only in the reproductive organs.
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Meiosis
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____, which yeilds 4 daughter nuclei that differ genetically in composition from the mother nucleus, is used only for the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.
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Meiosis
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The funtion of cell division, including ____ & ____ in the body, is to increase the number of cells for growth and repair while maintaining their genetic heritage.
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Mitosis & Cytokinesis
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____: At the onset of cell division, the chromatin threads coil and shorten to form densely staining, short, barlike chromosomes.
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Prophase
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The phases of mitosis are?
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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*Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring
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Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm is pinched into two parts after mitosis ends
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Cytokinesis
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*Asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes
* Nucleoli disappear *Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed |
Early and Late Prophase
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*Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell.
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Metaphase
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This arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles is called the _____ plate
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Metaphase
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*Centromeres of the chromosomes split
*Motor proteins in kinetochres pull chromosomes toward poles. |
Anaphase
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*New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin
*New nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER *Generally ____ completes cell division |
Telophase and Cytokinesis
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Cell proteins and other substances are kept within the cell, and wastes pass to the exterior. This is known as ____ or ____ ____
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Differential, or selective, permeability
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In ___ ___ the cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport process.
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Active processes
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Two important passive processes of membrane transport are ___ & ___.
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Diffusion & Filtration
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____ is an important transport process for every cell in the body.
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Diffusion
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____ usually occurs only across capillry walls.
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Filtration
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The random motion of small particles suspended in water can be observed. This is called the ___ ___.
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Brownian Movement
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When ___ ___ exists, the net effect of this random molecular movement is that the molecules eventually become evenly distributed throughout the environment.
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Concentration Gradient
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___ is the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Its driving force is the kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.
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Diffusion
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___ ____ - nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances
* Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer * Diffuse through channel proteins |
Simple diffusion
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The diffusion of solutes (particles dissolved in water) through a differentially permeable membrane is called ___ ___
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Simple Diffusion
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___ ___
* Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions * Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels. |
Facilitated Diffusion
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The transported substance either (1) binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or (2) moves through water-filled protein channels.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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___ ___ the substance moves down its concentration gradient
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Simple diffusion
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A solution surrounding a cell is ____ if it contains more nonpenetrating solut particles than the interior of the cell.
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Hypertonic
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Water moves from the interior of the cell into a surrounding hypertonic solution by ___
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Osmosis
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A solution surrounding a cell is ____ if it contains fewer nonpenetrating soute particles than the interior of the cell.
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Hypotonic
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Red blood cell suspended in an ___ solution, where the cells retain their normal size and shape.
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Isotonic
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RBC suspended in ___ solution, as the cells lose water to the external environment they shrink and become prickly.
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Hypertonic
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___ means that cells have shrunk and become prickly
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Crenation
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RBC's suspended in a ___ solution, notice thier spherical bloated shape, a result of excessive water intake.
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Hypotonic
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____ is what happens when the cell swells and bursts
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Hemolysis
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___ is a passive process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
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Filtration
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Whenever a cell uses the bond energy of ATP to move substances across its boundaries, the process is an ___ ___
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Active Process
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___ ____ requires carrier proteins that combine specifically with the transported substance.
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Active Transport
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*Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
* Requires carrier proteins |
Active Transport
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When cell must move materials in an opposite direction--against a concentration gradient. It requires energy
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Active Transport
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TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction |
Symport System
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TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANS
- Two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions. |
Antiport System
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TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANS
- Hydroloysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change. |
Primary active Transport
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TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANS
- use of an exchange pump (such as the Na+ -K pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes. |
Secondary active transport
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Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes.
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Vesicular Transport
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____ - moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space.
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Exocytosis
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___ - enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell.
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Endocytosis
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____- Moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell
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Transcytosis
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___ ___- Moving substances from one area in the cell to another.
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Vesicular Trafficking
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_____- pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cells interior
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Phagocytosis
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__ ___ ____- the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell
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Fluid-phase endocytosis
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___ ___ ____- clathrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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__ ___ ___ ____- caveolae that are platforms for a variety of signaling molecules.
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Non-clathrin-coated vesicles
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