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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Appendicular Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Composed of the pectoral (shoulder) girdles, the upper extremity bones, the pelvic (hip) girdle, and the lower extremity bones.
This component of the skeletal system consists of 126 bones; 63 bones are on each side of your body. |
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The Pectoral Girdles
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-Attaches an upper extremity to the axial skeleton.
-Each pectoral girdle has a clavicle and a scapula. |
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Clavicle
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"Collarbones", are slender, doubly curved bones that can be felt along their entire course and they extend horizontally across the superior thorax.
Each clavicle is cone shaped with it's medial (sternal) end attached to the sternal manubrium, and flattened at its lateral (acromial) end, which articulates with the scapula. |
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Clavicle Features:
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1.) Acromial end (rounded)
2.) Sternal end (flattened) |
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Scapula
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"Shoulder blades", are thin, triangular flat bones that look like a shovel.
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Scapula Features: (1)
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1.) Body: Thin, triangular, flattened bones.
2.) Borders: a.) Superior- shortest, sharpest border b.) Medial- parallels the vertebral column c.) Lateral- abuts the armpit and ends superiorly in a small, shallow fossa (glenoid cavity). 3.) Spine: Prominent surface on the posterior side, easily felt through the skin. |
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Scapula Features: (2)
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4.) Acromion: Enlarged, roughened triangular projection "point of the shoulder". Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle forming the acromioclavicular joint.
5.) Caracoid process: "beaklike" it projects anteriorly (dorsal) from the superior scapular border. It helps anchor the biceps muscle of the arm. 6.) Glenoid fossa (cavity): It articulates with the humerus of the arm, forming the shoulder joint. |
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Scapula Features: (3)
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7.) Superior angle: Where the superior scapular border meets the medial border.
8.) Inferior angle: Where the medial and lateral borders join. |
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The Upper Extremity
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Consists of 30 bones (total of 60 bones together).
an upper extremity consists of a arm, forearm, and hand. |
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What is the function of the coracoid and spine?
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Anchor muscles
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Bones of the Upper Extremities:
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1.) Humerus (2)
2.) Radius (2) 3.) Ulna (2) 4.) Carpal (8 in each wrist) 5.) Metacarpals (5 in each palm) 6.) Phalanx (14 phalanges each hand) |
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Humerus:
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The largest and longest bone of the upper limb, it articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
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Humerus Features: (1)
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1.) Head: Fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula in a manner that allows the arms to hang freely at one's side.
2.) Anatomical neck: Located immediately inferior to the head, it is a slight constriction. 3.) Surgical neck: Located distal to the tubercles, the most frequently fractured part of the humerus. |
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Humerus Features: (2)
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4.) Greater/Lesser tubercles: Located inferiorly to the anatomical neck. They are sites of attachment of the rotator cuff muscles.
a.) Greater tubercles: Are lateral b.) Lesser tubercles: Are medial 5.) Medial/Lateral epicondyles: Muscle attachment sites that flank the the medially located trochlea and the laterally located capitulum. 6.) Capitulum: Located at the distal end of the humerus on the lateral side, is a ball-like structure. It articulates with the ulna and radius. |
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Humerus Features: (3)
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7.) Trochlea: Located at the distal end of the humerus; on the medial side and is hourglass shaped.
8.) Olecranon Fossa: Located on the posterior (dorsal) side; is a deep indentation that connects with the olecranon process of the ulna. 9.) Coronoid Fossa: Located anteriorly (ventral) it is a smaller indentation located superior to the trochlea. |
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Radius:
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"Rod" is the thin, lateral bone of the forearm; articulates with carpals to form part of the wrist joint.
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Radius Features:
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1.) Head: Shaped somewhat like the head of a nail. the superior surface is concave, and it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.
2.) Neck: Located inferior to the head. 3.) Radial tuberosity: Located inferior to the head, it is rough and anchors the biceps muscles of the arm. 4.) Styloid process: Most inferior part of the bone; it is an anchoring site for the ligaments that run to the wrist, hangs down below the distal head. |
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Ulna:
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Is the medial bone of the forearm between elbow and wrist; with the humerus forms the elbow joint. Is slightly longer than the radius. Its proximal end looks like the adjustable end of a monkey wrench.
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Ulna Features:
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1.) Olecranon process: (elbow)
2.) Trochlear notch: Deep concave inferior to the olecranon process. 3.) Styloid process: Connects ligaments which run to the wrist; hangs down below the distal head. |
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What is the largest and longest bone of the upper extremity?
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Humerus
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What is the location of the ulna in relation to the radius?
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Medial
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What is the relationship of the olecranon process to the olecranon fossa?
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They lock together when the forearm is extended to keep it from hyperextending.
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Carpal:
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Carpals form a bond crescent at the wrist; arranged in two rows of four bones each.
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Carpal Features:
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1.) Proximal row (lateral to medial)
a.) Scaphoid (boat-shaped/largest) b.) Lunate (moon-like) c.) Triquetrum (triangular) d.) Pisiform (pea-shaped) 2.) Distal row (lateral to medial): a.) Trapezium (little-table) b.) Trapezoid (four-sided) c.) Capitate (head-shaped) d.) Hamate (hooked) |
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Metacarpals:
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5 in each hand; form the palm of the hand; one in line with each digit.
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Phalanges:
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14 in each hand; form the fingers; 3 in digits 2-5; two in digit 1 (thumb);
termed proximal, middle, and distal. Distal is closest to the metacarpals; thumb has no phalanx. |
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The Pelvic Girdle:
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Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis.
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Pelvic Girdle Features: (1)
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1.) Os coxa (2)
2.) Ilium 3.) Ischium 4.) Pubis |
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Pelvic Girdle: Os coxa
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Pair of "Hip bones"; each unite with its partner anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly. the deep, basin-like structure formed by the hip bones, together with the sacrum and coccyx is called the bony pelvis.
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Pelvic girdle: Ilium
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Large flaring bone that forms the superior region of a coxal bone.
Features: 1.) Iliac crest: Where you rest your hands on your hips; a thickened superior margin of the alae to which many muscles attach. 2.) Greater sciatic notch: Located just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine, the ilium indents deeply, through which the thick cordlike sciatic nerve passes to enter the thigh. |
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Pelvic girdle: Ishium
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Forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone. Roughly L- or arc-shaped, it has a thicker, superior body adjoining the ilium and a thinner, inferior ramus.
1.) Ischial spine: Projects medially into the pelvic cavity and serves as a point of attachment of the sacrosphinous ligament running from the sacrum. 2.) Ischial tuberosity: Inferior surface is rough and grossly thickened. When we sit, it bears our entire weight and is the strongest parts of the hip bones. It has a massive ligament that runs to the sacrum and helps hold the pelvis together. |
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Pelvic girdle: Pubis (1)
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"Pubic bone"forms the anterior portion of the hip bone. In the anatomical position, it lies nearly horizontally and the urinary bladder rests upon it.
1.) Pubis symphyseal surface: Located midline between the Joint where the bodies of the two pubic bones are jointed by a fibrocartilage disc.,is located medially between the hip bones. |
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Pelvic girdle: Pubis (2)
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2.) Acetabulum: A deep hemispherical socket located on the lateral surface of the pelvisat the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It receives the head of the femur.
3.) Large opening through which a few blood vessels and nerves pass. |
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The Lower Extremity
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Carry the entire weight of the erect body and are subjected to exceptional forces when we jump or run.
Lower Extremity is composed of: a.) Femur b.) Patella c.) Fibula d.) Tarsal e.) Metatarsal f.) Phalanx |
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Femur:
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Sole bone of the thigh; between hip joint and knee; largest bone of the body.
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Femur Features: (1)
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1.) Head: Ball-like in shape, it has a small central pit called the fovea capitis.
2.) Neck: Carries the head and it angles laterally to join the shaft. 3.) Greater/Lesser trochanter: a.) Greater trochanter:Located at the lateral junction of the shaft and neck. b.) Lesser trochanter: Located posteromedial and these projections serve as sites of attachment for thigh buttock muscles. |
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Femur Features: (2)
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4.) Linea aspera: Long vertical ridge on the posterior side of the femur.
5.) Lateral/Medial condyles: Wheel like structures located on the distal end of the femur. 6.) Lateral/Medial epicondyles:Sites of muscle attachment that flank the condyles superiorly. |
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Patella:
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"Small pan", is a triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps's tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia.
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Tibia:
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Is the larger and more medial bone of the leg; between knee and foot.
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Tibia Features: (1)
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1.) Lateral/medial condyles: Located at the broad proximal end, these concave condyles look like two huge checkers lying side by side. They articulate with the corresponding condyles of the femur. The inferior region of the lateral tibial condyle bears a facet that in that indicates the site of the proximal tibiofibular joint.
2.) Tibial tuberosity: Located inferiorly to the condyles is a rough surface to which the patellas ligament attaches. |
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Tibia Features: (2)
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3.) Anterior crest: sharp ridge that extends vertically down the tibia.
4.) Medial malleolus: "Little hammer" forms the medial bulge of the ankle. |
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Fibula:
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"Pin" is a sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends; is the lateral bone of the leg.
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Fibula Features:
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1.) Head: Located at the proximal end.
2.) Lateral malleolus: Located at the distal end, forms the conspicuous lateral ankle bulge and articulates with the talus. |
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Tarsal:
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Tarsals are seven bones forming the proximal part of the foot;
Features: 1.) Talus: (ankle) located posteriorly it articulates with the leg bones at the ankle joint 2.) Calcaneus: (heel bone) the largest tarsal which forms the heel. |
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Metatarsal:
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Consist of 5 long bones; these are numbered 1-5 beginning on the medial (great toe). The first metatarsal, which plays an important role in supporting body weigh, is short and thick. Distally where the metatarsals articulate with the proximal phalanges of the toes, the enlarged head of the first metatarsal forms the "ball" of the foot.
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Phalanx (Phalanges, Pleural):
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There are three phalanges ins each digit except for the great toe, the hallux, which has only two, proximal and distal.
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Tarsal Features:
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1.) Lateral cuboid: Located proximal of the calcaneus.
2.) Medial navicular: Located proximal of the talus. Located proximal to the calcaneus and the navicular going medial to lateral: 1.) Medial cuneiform 2.) Intermediate cuneiform 3.) Lateral cuneiform |
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What is the name of the long thin bone of the leg?
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Fibula
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What is the large bump at the distal part of the leg on the medial surface?
What is the comparable projection on the lateral side of the leg, distally? |
Medial malleolus;
Lateral malleolus |
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What bone of the foot articulates with the tibia and fibula?
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Tarsal
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What is the name of the heel bone?
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Calcaneus
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Saying to memorize the Carpals:
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Sally left the party to take Cindy home:
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapeziod Capitate Hamate |
