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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the study of language, its structure, and the rules that govern its structure?
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Linguistics
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What does linguistics include?
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Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, Phonology
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What is the study of word structure and how words are formed out of more basic elements of language?
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Morphology
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What is the smallest meaningful unit of language?
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Morpheme
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What is the type of morpheme that has meaning that can't be broken down into smaller parts, but can have other morphemes added to them? Ex?
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FREE (aka Base, Root) - ocean, establish, book, color, connect (they cannot be broken down into smaller units)
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What is the type of morpheme that cannot convey meaning by themselves and must be joining with another type of morpheme in order to have meaning?
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BOUND (aka Grammatic morphemes) - oceanS, establishMENT, DISconnect, colorFUL, UNhinge
Includes: -ing (present progressive) -s (regular plural morpheme) -s (possessive inflection) -ed (regular past tense) Subcategories include: - Prefixes (beginning of free morpheme) - Suffixes (end of free morpheme) ex: "misunderstanding" (mis=prefix, understand=whole word, ing=suffix) |
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What type of morphemes are responsible for prefixes/suffixes?
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BOUND
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What are VARIATIONS of morphemes that do not alter the original meaning of the morpheme?
ex: "boxes" are produced as /-ez/ |
Allomorphs
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_______ is the study of word structure whereas _________ is the study of sentence structure.
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MORPHOLOGY is the study of word structure whereas SYNTAX is the study of sentence structure.
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What part of linguistics involves the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences; word order and overall structure of sentence; and a collection of rules that specify the ways and order in which words may be combined form sentences in a particular language?
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Syntax
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What types of classification is used for the following sentences?
1. "The sunset was gorgeous." 2. "Shut the door." |
1. Declarative
2. Imparative |
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What do we call a sentence that has two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction or by a semi-colon?
Does is have subordinate clauses in it? |
Compound sentence
NO |
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What's a clause? Independent/main clause?
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It contains a subject & predicate
Independent has a subject & predicate and CAN stand alone |
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What type of clauses are used for the following sentence?
"I will be at the station if it doesn't rain" |
"I will be at the station..." =Independent clause
"...if it doesn't rain" =Dependent clause |
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What type of clauses are used for the following sentence?
"You can have the lollipop after you take a bath" |
"You can have the lollipop.."=Independent clause
"...after you take a bath" =Dependent clause |
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What type of clauses are used for the following sentence?
"The bird sang in the tree; later it flew away." |
"The bird sang in the tree;" =Independent clause + semicolon
"later it flew away" =Independent clause |
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What type of clauses are used for the following sentence?
"The officer waved his hands, and the cars stopped." |
"The officer waved his hands"= Independent clause
"and" =Conjunction "...the cars stopped." =Independent clause |
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What do we called the syntactic structure for SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT?
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Kernel/phrase/base sentence
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What is the study of meaning in language which is conveyed by words, phrases, and sentences?
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Semantics
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What part of language involves an individual's vocab or lexicon?
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Semantics
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Metaphors, idioms, and proverbs are all part of what type of language?
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Figurative - part of semantics
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What's it called when a child's ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it?
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Fast mapping or Quick incidental learning
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What's the study of rules that govern the use of language in social situations that focuses on the use/function of language?
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Pragmatics
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Labeling, protesting, and commenting are all part of what type of language?
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Functions - pragmatics
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The child:
- Displays startle response to loud sound - Visually tracks, or moves eyes to source of sound - Attends to and turns head toward voice/source - Smiles reflexively - Quiets when picked up - Ceases activity or coos back when person talks |
Birth to 3 months
- Ceases activity or coos back when person talks happens by 2 months |
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The child:
- Responds by raising arms when mother says "come here," - Moves/looks toward family members when they are named - Explores vocal mechanism (growling, squealing, yelling, making "raspberries") - Begins produce adult-like vowels - Begins marginal babbling; produces double syllables & bilabials |
4-6 months
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The child:
- Looks at some common objects when their names are spoken - Comprehends "no" - Begins to use some gestural language "peek-a-boo"; shakes head for "no" - Uses a wide variety of sound combos - Uses inflected vocal play, intonation patterns - Imitates intonation and speech sounds by others - Begins variegated babbling - Uncovers hidden toy (object permanence) |
7-9 months
- Imitates intonation and speech sounds by others |
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The child:
- Understands up to 10 words - Understands one simple direction like "sit down" - Begins to relate symbol and object; uses true FIRST word - Gives object/toy upon request - Object permanence - Turns head instantly to name - Gestures/vocalizes to indicate wants/needs - Jabbers- uses wide variety of sounds/intonation (all consonants/vowels) - Varies pitch when vocalizing |
10-12 months
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What are the 4 types of stages in pragmatical development?
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1. Prelocutionary behavior (singals that have an effect on listener but lack communicative intent eg. reflexes smiles)
2. Illocuationary behavior 9-10 months (signals that are used for some communicative intent eg. pointing/laughing) 3. Locutionary stage ~12 months (begin to use words) 4. Joint Reference (focus attention on an event/object as directed by another person) |
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At what age should the child use:
- Word combination (w/ beginning phrase & sentence structure) - Average MLU of 2.0-4.0 - Uses telegraphic speech & most sentences are incomplete - Asks 'wh' questions, yes/no questions - Expresses negation by adding in front of verbs |
2-3 years of age (syntax)
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Name the Behavioral Psychologist who believes that LEARNING plays a major role in the acquisition of verbal behaviors.
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B.F. Skinner
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Name a Nativist Psychologist who believes that children have INNATE knowledge of the universal rules of grammar.
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Noam Chomsky
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What type of theorists focus on Measurable and Observable aspect of language behavior and emphasize performance over competence?
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Behavioralist
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Which theory states that children are born with a "language acquisition device"?
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Nativist
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Which theorists was a supporter of the "strong cognition hypothesis" which is believed that cognitive abilities are essential prerequisites to language skills.
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Piaget
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What Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development?
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1. Sensorimotor (0-2yrs)- object permanence
2. Preoperational -egocentric; concreteness of thought a. Preconceptual (2-4yrs) b. Intuitive (4-7yrs) 3. Concrete Operations (7-11yrs)- less egocentric; increasing ability to see other view points 4. Formal Operations (11+ yrs)- No egocentricity; Abstract thought/reasoning |
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Which psychologist believes in the social interactionism theory?
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Lev Vygotsky
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What are Halliday's (1975) 7 functions of communicative intent b/w 9-18 months of age?
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1. Imaginative- pretend play
2. Heuristic- investigate environment 3. Regulatory- control others 4. Personal- express feelings/attitudes; self-awareness 5. Informative- tell stuff to others 6. Instrumental- get assistance' 7. Interactional- initiate interactions |
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If the child doesn't have regular & irregular verbs yet, which do you start with first?
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Irregular
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When does a child typically say their first true words?
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10-12 months (10+ months is appropriate)
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By 6 months of age... what type of gesture do they have (e.g. giving, showing,etc)?
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NONE; It begins at 7-9 months (peek-a-boo; shakes head "no")
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Which one of these are a repair?
a. There’s a dog… b. Them—They’re c. Here’s the monkey |
B- Them-they're
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In phonemic awareness, rhymes, alliterations, & counting syllables occur at what age?
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4-5 years
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At what age do children have mastery of morphemes? (think Brown)
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90% mastery occurs at Brown stages V (3.75-4.5 years)
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