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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the difference between the capability indices (C) and performance indicators (P)
C uses short term data and P uses long term data.
What values can be entered in an SQL table in order to obtain the Sigma Quality Level?
Sigma Quality Yield & Defects Per Million Opportunity (DPMO).
Within the Sigma Quality Level Table, what amount of shift is built into the table values?
One and a half standard deviations.
2-Bin
A type of pull system using two “bins” (a bin could be a card, or tote, or physical location, etc). The basic mechanics are as follows. Two bins of material are located at a station. When the first bin is emptied, the operator sends the empty bin to a location to be refilled, and begins working from the second bin. The first bin will be returned full prior to the emptying of the second bin.
DPO
Defects Per Opportunity
DPMO
Defects Per Million Opportunities
SQL
Sigma Quality Level
Also known as an Ishikawa or Fishbone diagram
Cause and Effect Diagram
A technique for narrowing many possibilities to a few through an iterative selection process. Also called Multivoting.
Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
A technique for grouping large amounts of information into themes.
Affinity Diagram
An ordered bar chart ranking categorical data.
Pareto Chart
Explain the 80/20 rule
20% of the inputs (x's) drive 80% of the variation
A graphical representation of continuous data that is divided into quartiles
Box Plot
The three dimensions of variation studied during a Multi-Vari study
Positional, Cyclical, Temporal
What is the purpose of a cause-and-effect matrix (C&E Matrix)?
To relate process inputs to process outputs
Those items that go down the side of a cause-and-effect matrix
Process steps and inputs
The items that go across the top of a cause-and-effect matrix
Output Variables
What is the final result or output from a cause-and-effect matrix
A Pareto Chart
FMEA
Failure Modes & Effects Analysis
Three types of FMEAs
Process, System, Design
What is the source of the input to a FMEA?
C&E Matrix, Pareto Chart
What three areas make up the Risk Priority Number (RPN) in a FMEA?
Severity, Occurence, Detection
What is the output or result of performing an FMEA
A Control Plan. Putting controls in place for critical steps, and a prioritized list of critical steps
What is a Hypothesis Test?
A procedure whereby one of two mutually exclusive and exhaustive statements about a population parameter is concluded. Information from a sample is used to infer something about a population from which the sample was drawn.
What is PGA?
A series of steps (practical, graphical, analytical) used to help get to know the data.
What are the 3 steps of PGA?
Practical, Graphical, Analytical
Practical (PGA)
Looking at the data series and understanding how the data was collected, if the data is continuous or attribute and if there is anything that stands out or is unusual about the data.
Graphical (PGA)
Graphing the data to see relationships and patterns. Typical graphs might be boxplots, run charts, histograms, and Pareto charts.
Analytical (PGA)
Calculate the sample statistics, mean, median, standard deviation, and normality.
Confidence Interval
A range of values, calculated from a data set, that gives an assigned probability that the true value lies within that range.
Confidence Limit
End points of a confidence interval
Confidence Level
the amount of confidence we have in any assertion that we make
What determines whether or not to use statistical differences in hypothesis testing?
The amount of variability, how much change is acceptable, and the amount of risk.
Null Hypothesis
Represents the conclusion that population parameters from two groups are the same.
Alternative Hypothesis
States that the Null Hypothesis is wrong. Represents the conclusion that population parameters from two groups are not the same.
Alpha Risk
(producer's risk) Assumes that the Null Hypothesis is not true, when it really is. The risk is that we say there is a change when there is not one.
Beta Risk
(consumer's risk) assumes that the Null Hypothesis is true when it is not. The risk of missing a change when there is really one.
On a 2 Sample t-Test, if the p-value is less than .05...
The Null Hypothesis must be rejected. There is a statistical difference between two processes (machines, etc)
On a 2 Sample t-Test, if the p-value is greater than .05...
The Null Hypothes cannot be rejected. There may not be a statistical difference between two processes (machines, etc).
Hypothesis Testing: Type I Error
You conclude that there is a difference when there really isn't. (reject Null Hypothesis)
Hypothesis Testing: Type II Error
You conclude that there is no difference when there really is. (The Null Hypothesis is not rejected)
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Used in cases where there are more than two groups. ANOVA tests for differences in average (mean) performance. Similar to a t-test.
Paired t-Test
A paired t-test recognizes and accounts for the fact that there is another factor at play.
Chi-Square Test for Independence
Chi-Square tests can tell us if there is a relationship between the counts we see and the factor whereby the counts are divided. (observed data minus expected data)
Input Variables (x's) are also called...
Predictor variables, or independent variables
Output Variables (y's) are also called...
Response variables, or dependent variables
What type of data does linear regression use?
Continuous (both x and y)
Define independent and dependent variables
Y or the response is dependent. X is independent.
What does the value r describe on a scatter plot?
r, describes how much of linear relationship exists between two variables. (The Pearson correlation coefficient)