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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Learning
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process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
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classical conditioning
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learning in which a stimulus does not elicit a given response is repeatedly linked with one that does until the neutral stimulus elicits given response on its own (pairing)
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one thing leads to another
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Pavlov
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classical conditioning, trained dogs to salivate at a bell before receiving food
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UCS or US
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leads to a response without training , like a reflex
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unconditional stimulus
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NS
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initially causes no reaction but after training will cause reaction
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neutral stimulus:the marker
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CS
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formally a neutral stimulus that now causes a response as a result of training
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conditioned stimulus
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CR
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a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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UCR or UR
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automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned response
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extinction
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gradual reduction in a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus because it has been repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus no longer has meaning
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spontaneous recovery
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after response has become extinct and a period of time has passed, if subject is randomly presented with conditioned stimulus you will see the conditioned response reappear
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higher order learning
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each conditioned stimulus can act as an unconditioned stimulus and form a new stimulus and response pattern
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works best if original stimulus is really strong
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operant conditioning
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natural consequence connection between stimulus and desired outcome
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B.F Skinner
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Reinforcement
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always increases the chance a behavior through reward
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positive reinforcement
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increase a behavior through reward
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negative reinforcement
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take away something undesirable to increase behavior
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doesn't really exist
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reimforcer
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something rewarding that is given to encourage repetition of behavior
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primary reinforcer
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naturally rewarding
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shaping behavior
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gaining lasting behavior changing through the systematic reinforcement of approximations
1) define end results 2) break into steps 3) set up schedule of reward |
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punishment
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decreasing a behavior
1) must be swift in order to be closely associated with behavior 2) must be sufficient without being cruel 3) must be given with every instance of behavior |
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positive punishment
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adding something undesirable
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negative punishment
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taking away something desirable
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corporal punishment
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works quickly but kids dont alwaus understand why, you must process later
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spanking
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problem with punishment
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1) focus is on bad behavior
2) doesn't teach proper behavior 3) does not provide long term change 4) stirs up unpleasant feelings 5) teaches that inflicting pain is okay |
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avoidance training
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uses a signal to change to a more desirable behavior without inflicting punishment
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behavior changes to avoid punishment
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aversive punishment training
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punishment focused training can lead to learned helplessness
if they cant take stimulus theu give up and take it if they can get out of punishment they do |
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contingencies in reinforcement
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on and off reinforcement results in behavior learned through continuous reinforcement
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schedules of reinforcement
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1) interval schedules are based on time
2) ratio schedules are based on number or correct response |
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variable interval schedules
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Reinforcement is given for the first correct response after varying length of time
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leads to slow and steady pattern of response
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fixed interval
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overtime you will get more and more accurate. everyone will go at once them take a break
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looks like waves
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variable interval
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people will get more tired more easily and it will be random so people will continue to go intolerant they give up
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the law of effect
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responses which are closely followed by satisfaction will be repeated and those followed by something unpleasant will be likely to occur
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Thordike's puzzle box
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token economy
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uses tokens that can be saved and exchanged for actual reinforcement
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secondary reinforcer
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cognitive learning theory
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learning can happen without direct experience
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latent learning
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1) law of effect does not take in to account inner motivation thay causes subject to seek learning experience
2) learning can take place before subject reaches their final goal 3) possible solutions are tried mentally |
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insight
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sudden coming together of elements so solution becomes apparent
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learning set
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learning related to a specific problem or type of challenge
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Albert Bandura
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social learning theory or observational learning
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social learning
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1) we learn by watching others model a behavior and judging their successful behaviors
2) learning can occur without or before change 3) learner must pay attention 4) learner must remember whay they see |
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vicarious reinforcement
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behavior can increase or decrease based on what we see happen to others
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Bobo doll
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tv influences kids behaviors and proves people learning mostly through social learning theory
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stimulus
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anything in an environment that causes an organism to respond
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response
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observable behavior that is in reaction to stimulus
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john Watson
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little Albert: make baby scared of white mice
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behaviorism
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belief that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed
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behavior psychology
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theory of learning based upon the upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning occurs through interaction with environment
responses to environmental stimulus shapes our behaviors thoughts, feelings, and unconscious mind cannot be observed and so should not be focus of discussion or study |
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generalization
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having a similar response to a similar stimulus
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contrapreparedness
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some stimuli thay seem unrelated to the behavior or opposed to tje behavior or longer to learn
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phobias
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irrational, paralyzing fear of a particular thing, activity, situation
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Freud
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caused by unresolved inner conflict
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phobia
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Wolpe
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object is linked with a frightening stimulus
believed we learned our phobias and then could unlearn them through systematic desensitization |
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operant conditioning
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uses a consequence to strengthen the relationship between stimulus and response
most of our behaviors are voluntary and triggered by outside events |
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