Learning Outcome 2

-Oxygen

-Carbon

-Hydrogen

-Nitrogen

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Matter consists of substances that can be either elements or compounds.

Pure substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more substances.

Chemical combination of two or more elements.

-Oxygen

-Carbon

-Hydrogen

-Nitrogen

-Calcium

-Phosphorus

-Sulfur

-Potassium

-Sodium

-Chlorine

-Magnesium

-Iron

-Chromium

-Cobalt

-Copper

-Fluorine

-Iodine

-Manganese

-Molybdenum

-Selenium

-Silicon

-Tin

-Vanadium

-Zinc

Particles that make up elements.

They consist of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Particles that carry a positive charge

Particles that are electrically neutral

The center of an atom

Particles with a negative charge

The number of protons in the nucleus

The number of protons and neutrons added together

The shell closest to the nucleus can hold two, while every shell after than can carry eight.

When an atom of an element will contain a different number of neutrons.

Isotopes that break down or decay and emit radiation in the process.

The process of decay from radioisotopes.

Atoms that are not stable, and are drawn to other atoms as they attempt to lose, gain, or share the electrons in their outer shells.

A lasting attraction between atoms

-Ionic bonds

-Covalent bonds

-Hydrogen bonds

Formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom.

Atoms that are either positively or negatively charged.

Positively charged atoms

Negatively charged atoms

When ionic bonds break or dissociate, creating a solution of positively and negatively charged ions that's capable of conducting electricity.

Example: NaCl (Salt) dissolving in H20 (Water)

Compounds that ionize in water and create a solution capable of conducting electricity.

Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons as they attempt to fill their outer shells.

Example: Two hydrogen atoms coming together to create hydrogen gas

Covalent bonds

Formed by a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.

When an electron has an uneven distribution of electrons.

The capacity to do work. To put matter into motion.

When energy is stored in the bonds of molecules. It has the potential to do work, it's just not doing work at the moment.

Energy in motion.

Heat resulting from molecular motion.

Can be kinetic energy or potential energy. Moving through the cell membrane.

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

Involves the breaking down of complex compounds into simpler ones. This releases energy, some in the form of heat, which helps maintain body temperature. Most of the energy is transferred to a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which transfers the energy to the cells.

Involves building larger and more complex chemical molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) from smaller subunits. This requires energy input obtained from ATP molecules.

Involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.

-Synthesis

-Decomposition

-Exchange

Two or more substances combine to form a different, more complex substance. Energy is required.

A complex substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Energy is released in the form of heat or stored for future use.

Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms, which form two new compounds.

Reactions that can go in either direction under different circumstances.

-Temperature: Heat speeds up molecular movement

-Concentration: In concentrated solutions, molecules are more densely packed, increasing collision rate

-Catalysts: Chemical substances that speed up rate of reaction

Compounds containing carbon.

Simple molecules without carbon.

-Solvent

-Lubricant

-Changes temperature

Results when two or more substances blend together rather than chemically combine. Each substance retains its own chemical properties, and because they're not chemically combine the substances can be separated.

-Solution

-Colloid

-Suspension

Consists of particles of matter, called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance, usually water, called the solvent.

Example: Sugar in water

Can change from liquid to a gel. The particles are small enough to stay permanently mixed, but large enough so that the mixture is cloudy.

Contains large particles, making suspension cloudy or even opaque. Particles will separate and settle.

Example: Salad dressing and water

The production of energy within cells.

-Carbohydrates

-Lipids

-Proteins

-Nucleic Acids

The body's main energy source. Also known as sugars or starches, obtained by eating foods that contain them.

-Carbon

-Hydrogen

-Oxygen

Saccharide units that contain one sugar unit.

-Glucose

-Fructose

-Galactose

Saccharide units that contain two sugar units.

Saccharide units that consist of many sugar units joined together in straight chains or complex shapes.

Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Insoluble in water.

-Triglycerides

-Steroids

-Phospholipids

Also called fats, they are lipids that function as a concentrated source of energy in the body. They are the most abundant lipid.

Consist of carbon atoms that are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms by single covalent bonds. Solid at room temperature, and usually derived from animal sources.

Consist of carbon atoms that are not saturated with hydrogen atoms. The hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds. Also called oils, they are liquid at room temperature and are derived mostly from plant sources.

Diverse group of lipids that fulfill a wide variety of roles.

Help form the structure of cell membranes.

The most abundant and most important organic compounds in the body.

Smaller chemical subunits that make up proteins.

The link that connects amino acids together.

A short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Consists of a sequence of amino acids in a chain.

Results when the amino acid chain folds or twists.

Occurs when the secondary structure twists or folds a second time, creating a larger, three-dimensional structure.

Results when two or more separate folded amino acid chains join together.

-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

-RNA (ribonucleic acid)

These nucleic acids consists of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules called nucleotides.

Small molecules that nucleic acids consists of.

-Being a reserve supply of energy

-Providing structure to cell membranes

-Insulating nerves

-Serving as vitamins

-Acting as a cushion to protect organs

Any substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water. Also known as proton donors.

Balance out acids by "accepting" excess hydrogen ions. Bases, or alkaline compounds, are called proton acceptors.

The acidity or alkalinity of a substance is expressed in terms of pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

"The power of hydrogen"

Gives strength to nails, hair, and skin surface.

Lends structure to bones, cartilage and teeth.

Defend the body against bacteria.

Act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions.

Promote muscle contraction.

Carries oxygen in the blood.

Serve as chemical messengers to cells throughout the body.

Example: Insulin