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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most abundant tissue in the body? |
Skeletal Muscle |
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What provides the basis of movement? |
Bones and skeletal muscles |
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What does the term muscular system refer to? |
Only skeletal muscles |
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What are the three types of muscles? |
Skeletal, Cardiac, smooth |
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What is the study of skeletal muscles? |
Myology |
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Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? |
Voluntary |
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Is skeletal muscle striated or not? |
striated |
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What does striated mean? |
Alternating light and dark bands |
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What is skeletal muscles attached to? |
Bone |
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What are skeletal muscle cells called? |
Muscle fibers and myofibers |
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Is cardiac muscle striated or not? |
Striated |
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Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary? |
Involuntary |
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What are cardiac muscle cells called? |
Cardiocytes or myocytes |
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Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary? |
Involuntary |
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Is smooth muscle striated or non straited? |
Non striated |
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What is smooth muscle shaped as? |
Fusiform, tapered at the ends |
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What are striations a result of? |
Overlapping arrangement of proteins |
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Where is cardiac muscle found? |
In the walls of the heart |
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What is cardaic muscle responsible for? |
Contractions |
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What are the stretches of skeletal muscle that are in between the nucleus called? |
Endomysium |
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What are the functions of muscle? |
Movement, stability, Control of body openings and passages, heat production, glycemic control |
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What types of things fall under movement? |
Body parts, body contents, communcitation |
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What types of things fall under stability? |
Maintain posture, resist pull of gravity |
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What types of things does heat production fall under? |
Up to 85 % of body heat, maintaining homeostasis, |
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What types of things fall under glycemic control? |
Regulating blood glucose, absorb, store and use glucose |
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what are the properties of muscles? |
Excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity |
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react to stimuli |
excitability |
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move stimulation through muscle cell |
conductivity |
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shorten when stimulated |
contractility |
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Stretch without harm |
Extensibility |
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Can recoil from stretch |
Elasticity |
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A skeletal muscle is a_________ |
organ, and has more than skeletal muscle tissue |
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What other things does skeletal muscle consist of besides skeletal muscle tissue? |
Muscular, connective and nervous tissue and blood vessels |
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What are the pieces of connective tissue and fascicles? |
Endomysium, Perimysium (Fascicles), Epimysium, and Fascia |
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Thin piece of connective tissue around each muscle fiber |
endomysium |
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thicker piece of connective tissue that binds fibers into fascicles |
perimysium |
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bundles of fibers |
fascicles |
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connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle |
epimysium |
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connective tissue sheets that separate neighboring muscles from each other and from the skin and separates muscles into function groups or compartments |
epimysium |
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What are the different fascicle orientation muscle classification? |
Parallele muscle, fusiform muscle, pennate muscle, triangular convergent muscles, circular muscles (sphincters) |
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What are the strength of a muscle and direction of its pull determined partly by? |
The orientation of the fascicles |
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Differences in muscle fascicle orientation form the basis for what? |
Classification of muscle into five types |
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muscles that are thick in the middle and tapered at each end |
fusiform |
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What are examples of fusifrom muscles? |
Biceps bachii and gastrocnemius |
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Long strap-like muscles of uniform width and parallel fascicles |
Parallel muscles |
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fan-shaped muscles begin at a broad origin and converge on a narrower insertion |
convergent |
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Example of parallel muscle |
sartorius |
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Example of convergent muscle |
pectoralis major |
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feather-shaped muscles in which fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle like the shaft ofa featerh |
Pennate |
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Example of pennate muscle |
deltoid |
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Spinchters form rings around body openings |
Circular muscles |
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Example of circular muscle |
Orbiculris oculi |
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What do tendons do? |
Attach muscle to bone |
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muscles connect periosteum to what? |
Matrix |
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Aponeurosis |
Broad sheet of tendon |
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What are the ways muscles can attach to other parts of the body? |
Indirect to bone Aponeurosis Direct fleshy attachement Can attach to tissues |
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What happens in direct fleshy attachment of muscles? |
Close association with bone Gap contains collagen fibers |
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Muscles attachment at relatively stationary end of bone |
origin |
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muscles attachment at more mobile end of bone |
insertion |
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area between origin and insertion |
Belly |
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When does a direct fleshy attachment occur |
When collagenous fibers of the epimysium are continuous with the periosteum red muscles seems to emerge from the bone |
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Indirect attachement |
a tendon emerges from the connective tissue of the muscles and merges into the periosteum |
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Where do muscles of facial expression attach? |
Collagen fibers of the dermis |
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Most skeletal muscles do what with respect to attachment? |
1. attach to a different bone at each end 2. Span at least one joint 3. Move one bon relative to another |
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T or F: the moving and stationary ends cannot be reversed in different actions of the same muscle |
F, may be reversed |
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Effect produced by a muscle Either produces or prevents movement |
Action |
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Produces main force of action |
Primer mover (agonist) |
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Aids prime mover Stabilizes joint |
Synergist |
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opposes prime mover antagonists pair- act on opposite sides of joint |
Antagonist |
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prevents bone movement |
fixator |
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What are the functional groups of muscles? |
Action, primer mover or agonist, synergist, antagonist, fixator |
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Muscles that have both origin and insertion and are contained in a particular region such as head or hand |
Intrinsic |
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muscles that Act upon a designated region, and has an origin elsewhere |
Extrinsic |
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Example of extrinsic muscles |
muscles of the forearm whose tendons extend into the hand |
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system to gain speed, distance or force |
lever |
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joint is akin to the |
fulcrum |
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Effort is akin to the |
muscle |
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resistance (load) |
object moved |
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What are the portions of the muscles and bones as levers? |
Lever, fulcrum or joint, effort or muscle, resistance or load, effort arm, resistance arm |
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Bones act as what_________ |
levers |
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What do bones as levers act on? |
Muscles |
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What do muscles do in the lever analogy? |
exert force |
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What does a lever rotate around? |
a fixed point known as the fulcrum |
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When does rotation occur in the lever/muscle/e bone analogy? |
when effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance (load) located at some other point |
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What is the effort arm? |
The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort |
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Resistance arm is the part of the lever from where to where |
fulcrum to point of resistance |
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bone is the |
lever |
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joint is |
fulcrum |
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effort is generated by |
muscle |
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What is the function of a lever? |
Produce a gain in speed and distance or force of motion (lever cannot do both at the same time) |
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With levers, their is a trade off between |
speed and force, relating to the mechanical advantage of the lever |
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Mechanical advantage is equal to the |
length of the effort arm divided by the length of the resistance arm |
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If the mechanical advantage is greater than 1.0 the lever produces more |
force but relatively less speed and distance |
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First class of levers |
Fulcrum in the middle, seesaw, atlanto-occipital joint effort at one end, and resistance at the other |
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Second class of levers |
Resistance in the middle, lifting wheelbarrow, mandible fulcrum at one end, effort at other end |
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Third class of levers |
Effort in middle, paddling canoe, elbow fulcrum at one end, resistance at the other end, |
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End on slide |
16 |
