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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 Types of Muscle |
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
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Cardiac muscle |
Composes the bulk of the heart |
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Skeletal Muscle |
Muscle masses that attach to bones & move them |
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Smooth muscle |
Fibers are tapered at each end & have single nucleus |
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Smooth muscle also called |
Nonstriated muscle Involuntary Visceral muscle |
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Cardiac muscle has unique dark bands called |
Intercalated disks |
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Tendons |
Anchor muscles firmly to bones Made of sense fibrous Connective Tissue |
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Bursae |
Small fluid filled sacs between tendons & bones beneath them |
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Synovial fluid |
Line bursae |
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Tendon Sheaths |
Facilitate movement Enclose some tendons Tube shaped also lined with synovial Membrane & moistened with synovial fluid |
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Two types of threadlike microfilaments |
Thick myofilaments Thin myofilaments |
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Thick Myofilaments |
Formed from protein called Myosin |
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Thin Myofilaments |
Composed mainly of protein called Actin |
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Sacromere |
Basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle |
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Myoglobin |
Red oxygen storing pigment similar to hemoglobin Found in muscle fibers |
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Functions of the Muscular System |
Produce movement Maintain body posture Produce heat |
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How does Muscle move bones? |
By pulling on them |
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Eccentric Contraction |
Tension during muscle lengthening |
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Prime mover |
The muscle that is mainly responsible for specific movement |
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Synergistic Muscles |
Other muscles used to produce movement with prime mover |
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Antagonist Muscles |
As prime movers and synergistic muscles at a joint contract antagonist muscles relax |
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Muscle tone maintains _______ |
Posture |
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Tonic Contraction |
Also called muscle tone We are able to maintain body posture due to continuous low strength muscle contraction called tonic contraction |
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Oxygen debt |
Continued increased metabolism that must occur in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that accumulated during prolonged exercise |
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The oxygen debt mechanism is a good example of |
Homeostasis at work |
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In order to contract and pull a bone to move it skeletal muscle must |
First be stimulated by nerve impulses |
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Muscle fibers are stimulated by a nerve fiber called a |
Motor neuron |
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Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber |
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Signal chemicals called _______ are released by motor neuron in response to nervous impulse |
Neurotransmitters |
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Motor Unit |
Single motor neuron with the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Threshold Stimulus |
The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract |
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“All or None” |
Threshold stimulus causes muscle to contract completely meaning they respond all or none |
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Types of skeletal muscle contraction |
Twitch Contraction Tetanic Contraction Isotonic Contraction Isometric Contraction |
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Twitch |
Quick jerky response to stimulus |
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Tetanic Contraction |
More sustained and steady response than a twitch 30 stimuli per second produce tetanic Contraction |
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Tetanus |
Contraction |
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Isotonic Contraction |
Muscle produces movement at a joint Same tension changes length |
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Isometric Contraction |
Muscle contracts NO movement results Same length changing tension |
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Two types of Isotonic Contraction |
Concentric Eccentric |
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Concentric Contraction |
Muscle shortens |
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Eccentric Contraction |
Muscle lengthens but still provides work |
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The word isometric comes from |
The Greek words meaning equal measure In other words a muscles length during isometric Contraction is about equal |
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Disuse Atrophy |
Skeletal muscles shrink in mass during prolonged inactivity |
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Hypertrophy |
Increase in muscle size due to exercise |
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Strength Training |
Involves contracting muscles against heavy resistance |
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Endurance Training |
Often called aerobic training Does not usually result in hypertrophy instead increases muscles ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period |
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Angular Movements |
Flexion Extension |
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Flexion |
Bending |
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Extension |
Opposite of flexion Makes angle between joints larger |
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Abduction |
Moving away from midline |
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Adduction |
Moving towards midline |
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Circular Movements |
Rotation Circumduction |
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Rotation |
Movement around longitudinal axis |
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Circumduction |
Moves a part so distal end moves in a circle |
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Hand positions due to rotation of forearm |
Supination Pronation |
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Ankle movements |
Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Inversion Eversion |
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Deltoid Muscle |
Thick rounded prominence over the shoulder and arm |
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Biceps Brachii |
Two headed muscle that serves as a primary flexor of the forearm |
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Triceps Brachii |
On the posterior (back) of arm 3 heads of origin |
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Pectoralis Major |
Upper extremity attached to thorax by fan shaped muscle called |