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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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coarticulation |
when more than one articulator is active.
ex. using lungs and intercoastal muscles at the same time |
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assimilation |
neighbouring sounds becoming more alike in their phonetic properties |
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dissimilation |
neighbouring sounds becoming more different in their phonetic properties |
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deletion |
sound drop; occurs in fast speech
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epenthesis |
sound adds; usually for easier translation between sounds |
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vowel reduction |
when vowel is NOT stressed, may tend to be articualted more central position - use schwa |
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Metathesis |
sounds change position w/in a word |
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complementary distribution |
when 2 sounds occur in non - overlapping, mutually exclusive environments. Usually represent 2 or more allophones. found systematically in distinct environments |
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Syllables |
pronounceable, can be counted, matter in slips of the tongue, depend on syllable structure, & relevant for rhyme and similar type of repetitive patterning, identifable structuces |
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rhyme |
correspondence of sound between the ending of 2 or more words or meterical lines that syllables involved carry identical vowel sounds & if present have identical final consonants |
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alliteration |
beginning of adjacent or closely connected words with the same sound or letter |
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Internal Structure of syllable |
Nucleus, Onset, Coda |
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Nucleus |
backbone of every syllable - ALWAYS required usually vowels or diphthong |
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Onset |
consonants that precedes the nucleus - does not have to exist - must be maximized by sonoranity |
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Coda |
1 or more consonants following the nucleus - NOT required or always allowed |
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Sonority Requirement |
core syllables, sonority rises before the nucleus and declines after the nucleus |
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Binarity Requirement |
core syllables, each constituent can be at most binary. No more than 2 consonants in an onset or coda.
ex. syllable: (onset +) rhyme rhyme: nucleus (+ coda) |
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Sonority scale |
0 - obstruent 1 - nasal 2 - liquid 3 - glide 4 - vowel |
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features |
the smallest unit in the phonological hierarchy |
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[+consonant] |
resembles a consonant |
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[+sonorant] |
singable; includes vowels, glide, liquids, and fricatives |
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[+syllabic] |
act as a syllable nuclei; includes vowels, syllabic liquids & nasals |
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[+continuant] |
produced with free or nearly free airflow through centre of the oral cavity; includes vowels, glides, liquids, and frictive |
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[+nasal] |
produced with a lowered velum, the nasal cavity open; includes nasals and nasal stops |
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[+delayed] |
affricates |
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[+lateral] |
produced with air escaping along the side of the tongue; includes ALL and only varieties of /l/ |
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[+voice] |
produced with vibration of vocal folds |
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[LABIAL] |
lip or lips are active articulators |
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[CORONAL] |
tongue tip or blade is an active articulator |
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[DORSAL] |
tongue body is an active articulator |
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[+/-round] |
lips rounded or not |
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[+high] |
body of tongue raised |
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[+low] |
body of tongue lowered |
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[+back] |
tongue behind the palatal area |
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[+tense] |
vowel is tense
if vowel is not tense it means its a lax vowel.
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[+anterior] |
articulated in front of alveopalatal region |
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[+strident] |
noisy coronal fricatives & affricates |
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2 main roles for phonological features |
1. to express the articulatory & acoustic components of phones
2. to express the properties that natural classes of sounds share with each other |
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Derivation |
how phonemes and allophones are related |
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Pitch |
auditory property of a sound that enables us to place it on a scale that ranges from low to high
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Tone |
when words are made distinct through a pitch difference alone |
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Intonation |
when its meaningfulness relates to larger linguistic units - larger than just single words |
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Length |
duration of sounds varies in pronouciation; in some languages length can be significant in distinguishing words |
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Loudness |
the intensity of a sound, like pitch and length, can be measured in phonetic analysis. |
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Stress |
realized phonetically in configurations of loudness, duration, and/or pitch. |
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phonemes |
a class of phonteically similar sounds that do not contrast with each other |
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allophones |
the sounds that make up a phonemes; usually in completmentary distributions or phonetically similar |
