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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Morphology
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Study of the system of rules underlying our knowledge of word structure.
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Lexicon
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Our mental dictionary; information about words and the lexical rules we use to build them.
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Morpheme
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The smallest unit of meaning in a word. A morpheme is NOT the same as a syllable. Examples: pancake = 2 morphemes; waspishness = 3 morphemes; Google = 1 morpheme
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Syntactic category
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A set of words that share a signifcant number of grammatical characteristics (nouns, verbs, etc). Synonomous with 'part of speech'
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Word
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A morpheme or combination of morphemes to which we attach meaning.
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Parts of speech
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Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, auxiliary verb, modal, determiner, quantifier, numeral, pronoun, degree word, conjunction.
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Content words
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Words with lexical meaning. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. These words are 'open class' which means that the class accepts new meanings (e.g. text message, blog)
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Function words
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Words defined by their use or function; do not have 'contentful' meanings. Include determiners, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions. These words are 'closed class', meaning that new words are not being created in these categories.
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Free morpheme
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A morpheme which can stand alone as a word E.g. drink, cat, butter
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Bound morpheme
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A morpheme that must attach to another morpheme - it cannot stand alone. E.g. -trans, un-, -ize.
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Affix
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Bound morphemes, including prefixes, suffixes, infixes, circumfixes
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Infix
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An affix that attaches within a word root. In English, expletive infixation to add emphasis is the only type seen. E.g. Eliza Doolittle's 'absobloominlutely'
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Circumfix
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Affixes which surround another morpheme. Not widely used in English. Possible example is em---en as in embolden, enlighten
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Root morpheme
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A morpheme to which an affix can attach.
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Bound root morpheme
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A non-affix morpheme that cannot stand alone. Example: -ceive as in receive, conceive, deceive, perceive. Also cran- in cranberry and luke- in lukewarm.
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Productive rule
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A rule that regularly applies in the formation of new words or forms of words.
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Derivational affix
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An affix that attaches to other morphemes to form new words that are separate entries in our lexicon.
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Name the derivational affixes in English
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-able
-ity -ment -ness -ize -ly Note that these affixes can determine the syntactic category of a word. |
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Derivational affix: -able
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Verb + -able = Adjective
do-able, wash-able, drive-able |
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Derivational affix: -ity
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Adjective + -ity = Noun
seren(e)-ity, divin(e)-ity |
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Derivational affix: -ment
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Verb + -ment = Noun
discern-ment, conceal-ment |
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Derivational affix: - ness
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Adjective + -ness = Noun
dark-ness, thankful-ness |
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Derivational affix: -ize
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Adjective + -ize = Verb
standard-ize, personal-ize |
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Derivational affix: -ly
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Adjective + -ly = Adverb
quick-ly, slow-ly |
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Derivational prefixes
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Include un-, dis- and semi-. Attachment of a derivational prefix usually results in a word of the same category, but the meaning is different.
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Hierarchical structure
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Property of structure of words (and phrases) that are constructed in levels. Complex words such as 'disengagement' have an internal hierarchical structure which reflects the order in which affixes attach.
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Inflectional affix
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An affix that adds grammatical information (about case, tense, aspect, number, person) but does not change the word's syntactic category or lexical meaning
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8 inflectional affixes in English
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- s (to indicate possessive, plural, 3p sing)
- ed (to indicate simple past) - ing (present participle) - ed (or -en, past participle) - er (comparative) - est (superlative) |
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How does English indicate number?
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Usually by -s, but may also be a Latin plural (media), a mutated vowel (goose/ geese), a zero affix (deer/deer, fish/fish), or -en (brother/brethren, child/children)
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Case
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Expresses grammatical function of a noun phrase as a subject (nominative), object (accusative), indirect object (dative) or possessor (genitive)
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What are the two ways in which English expresses case distinctions?
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1. On pronouns
2. In possessive (genitive) noun phrases. |
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Infinitive
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The base form of the verb, preceeded by 'to' in English
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Strong verb
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A verb that expresses inflection through vowel mutation (sing/sang/sung, bite/bit/bitten)
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Weak verb
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Verb that expresse inflection through regular affixation and sometimes vowel mutation
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Participle
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Form of the verb that follows an auxiliary verb (have or be)
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Suppletion
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Process of change whereby one form of a word has no phonological similarity to a related form of that word (go/went, good/better/best, is/was)
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