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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The lymphatic system is comprised of _______, just like the _____________ system.
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Vessels, cardiovascular
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What is a network of vessels that return excess tissue fluid?
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The lymphatic system.
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The lymphatic system carries fats from the _____ _________ to the ____ where they are converted into _____ and ____.
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Small intestine, liver, VLDLs and LDLs.
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What is associated with lymph vessels and contains phagocytic cells that remove and destroy pathogens from the tissue fluid before returing it to the circulatory system?
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Lymph nodes.
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What type of lymph pathway can be described as a tiny tube in which fluid enters by diffusion?
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Lymph capillary.
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What type of lymph pathway shares the same three tunics that a vein has along with valves to prevent backflow?
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Lymph vessels.
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What are five different lymph trunks?
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Lumbar, intestinal, intercostal, bronchiomediastinum, subclavian.
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What part of the body does the thoracic duct take care of?
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The right side of the body abovethe diaphragm.
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What part of the body does the right lymphatic duct take care of?
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The left side of the body and everything below the diaphragm.
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What does tissue become when it enters the lymphatic vessels?
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Lymph.
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What is tissue fluid composed of?
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H20, O2, CO2, other nutrients and waste.
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What type of pressure forces fluid into the lymphatic capillaries?
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Interstitial pressure.
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What vein does the lymphatic system flow into?
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The subclavian vein.
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What part of the lymph system (hint: not a cell) destroys potential pathogens?
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Lymph nodes (where leukocytes are)
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What two things keep lymph flowing through the lymph vessels?
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Breathing motions, and skeletal muscle contraction.
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If something interferes with lymph flow, it will cause _____.
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Edema.
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What eight areas of the body contain groups of lymph nodes?
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Cervical region, axillary region, inguinal region, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, and the supratrochlear (elbow) region.
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What take of leukocyte does a lymph node produce?
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Lymphocyte.
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What lymph organ is located behind the mediastinum?
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Thymus.
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The thymus _____ as you get older.
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Shrinks.
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What is a soft bilobed organ?
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Thymus.
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Lymphocytes mature in _-___________ in the ______.
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T-Lymphocyte, thymus.
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What hormone that is secreted by the thymus initiates the maturation of a lymphocyte into a T-lymphocyte?
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Thymosin.
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What is the largest lymphatic organ?
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The spleen.
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The spleen is divided into _______.
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Lobules.
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In the spleen, what does white pulp contain?
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Lymphocytes.
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In the spleen, what does the red pulp contain?
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Erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes.
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What lymphatic organ filters the blood, removes damaged red blood cells, platelets, and bacteria?
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The spleen.
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What is the function of the spleen?
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To filter the blood, remove damaged red blood cells, platelets, and bacteria.
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Lymph nodules are like lymph nodes, except they are not surrounded by what?
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A fibrous cap[sule.
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Since nodules are not encased, they can get very large as ____________ increase in number.
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Lymphocytes.
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Where are tonsils located?
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On the wall of the pharnyx.
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Where are peyer's pathces located?
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In the lining of the intestine.
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Where is the appendix located?
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The ascending colon.
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Nonspecific responses work equally well on ___ ________.
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all pathogens.
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Species resistance means what?
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That certain pathogens will simply not make a certain species sick; immunity.
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Mechanical barriers attempt to keep the pathogen out of where?
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The blood.
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The epidermis is an example of what type of barrier?
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Mechanical.
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Mucous membranes are what type of barrier?
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Mechanical.
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Hair and cilia is an example of what type of barrier?
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Mechanical.
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The lacrimal (tear) glands and saliva contain lysozymes, and are what type of barrier?
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Mechanical.
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Urination, defecation, and vomitting are reactions meant to eliminate a particular pathogen from the body, and these actions are considered what type of barrier?
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Mechnical.
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Chemical barriers attempt to keep pathogens out of the ____.
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Blood.
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The acid pH of the skin is what type of barrier?
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Chemical.
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The lysozyme enzyme itself is considered what type of barrier?
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Chemical.
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The gastic juice of the stomach, with a pH of 1.5, is what type of barrier?
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Chemical.
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The chemical interferon, which is produced by viral infected cells and plugs up viral receptors on other cells, is what type of barrier?
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Chemical.
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Inflammation isolates the ________. The leukocytes arrives quickly through __________.
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Pathogen, diapedisis.
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What happens first to help isolate the pathogen in inflammation?
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Fibroblasts produce a sac around the area.
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What two chemicals are released that cause both vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?
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Histamine and prostaglandins.
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Inflammation increases _____ ____ to the affected tissues.
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Blood flow.
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What three leukocytes phagocytize bacteria?
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
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When you have a fever, what chemical is released, and what nutrient is NOT released by the liver?
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Pyrogen, and iron.
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What type of defense guards against a very specific pathogen?
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Specific defense.
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What cells function in pathogen immunity?
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Lymphocytes.
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Where do T-cells mature?
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The thymus.
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Where do B-cells mature?
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The bone marrow.
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Where do B and T cells reside?
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The lymphatic organs.
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When in contact with a pathogen, what chemical does the T-Helper cell release to activate the T-Cytotoxic cell?
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Interleukan II.
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What chemical does an antigen-bearing macrophage release to activate a T-Helper cell?
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Interleukan I.
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What chemical activates the T-Cytotoxic cell?
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Interleukan II.
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What chemical released by a T-Cytotoxic cell lyses, or splits, a foreign cell?
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Perforin.
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When the foreign antigen level falls, what cell is activated?
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T-Suppressor.
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What cell produces CYTOKINES that inhibit the production of B and T Cells?
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T-Suppressor.
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What is the function of memory cells?
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To retain antigen information to respond in the future to the same pathogen. IMMUNITY.
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What type of cell kills many types of cancer cells and viral infected cells by using perforin to destroy the plasma membrane?
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Natural killer cells.
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What letter does an antibody resemble?
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Y.
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What is another (longer) name for an antibody?
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Immunoglobulin.
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What three types of antibodies have very similar structure?
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IgG, IgD, IgE.
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On an antibody, what does the constant region identify?
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The class of antibody.
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What is the difference between active and passive immunities?
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Active immuinty means you acquire the ANTIGENS from getting a pathogen or a vaccination. Passive immunity means the ANTIBODIES are transferred directly to you (you don't MAKE your own.)
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What is the difference between naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity?
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It was obtained naturally (pathogen contraction) and adminstered artificially (vaccination).
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What happens in agglutination?
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Large numbers of antigens close together. Antibodies can then create large complexes.
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What is attracted by antigens covered with antibodies?
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Phagocytes.
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What is it called when antibodies bind to viruses or backterial toxins and make them incapable of attaching to another cell?
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Neutralization.
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Antigens are easier to engulf when you coat them with what?
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Opsonins, a complement protein.
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Chemotaxis attracts what to an area where antigens are located?
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Macrophages (neutrophils and eosinophils)
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What two chemicals do basophils and mast cells release during inflammation faciliated by a complement protein?
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Histamine (vasodilator), heparin (blood thinner)
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What happens during lysis?
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Ruptures antigenic membrane.
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What is contained in a vaccine?
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Weakened, dead, or a portion (like the protein coat of a virus) of a pathogen.
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What is a cytokine?
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Chemical produced by macrophages and T-Helper cells.
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What type of antibody defends against bacteria, viruses, bacterial toxins, and comprises 80% of all the antibodies in the body?
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IgG.
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What type of antibody is found in mucus and teras and attacks pathogens before they enter body tissue?
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IgA.
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What type of antibody attacks those bacteria not sensitive to type IgG and is also responsible for blood type incompatability?
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IgM.
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What type of antibody plays a role in B cell activation and it bonds antigens in extracellular fluid to B cells?
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IgD.
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What type of antibody binds to surfaces of most cells and stimulates the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals, and is important in allergic responses?
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IgE.
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