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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What part of the kidney stains the most intensely with eosin?
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cortex
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What makes up the nephron?
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renal corpuscle, PCT, LOH, DCT
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Draw a nephron:
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What makes up a renal corpuscle?
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glomerulus + bowman's capsule
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Describe the visceral membrane of the bowman's capsule:
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podocytes with primary and secondary processes (pedicles) that wrap around glomerular capillaries
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What is a renal lobe?
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A renal pyramid + associated cortex
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What makes up the parietal layer of bowman's capsule?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle?
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urinary and vascular pole
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What is the major structure associated with the renal corpuscle?
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macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells
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What kind of cell type are juxtaglomerular cells?
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modified smooth muscle
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What do juxtaglomerular cells do?
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secrete renin
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1- DCT
2- macula densa 3- mesangium 4- podocyte 5- glomerular capillary 6- urinary space |
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What are the 3 major secretions of mesangial cells?
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ECM, cytokines, prostaglandins
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How do you differentiate the urinary space from the capillary space?
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podocyte foot processes will be on the urinary space side
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How to identify juxtaglomerular region?
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columnar epithelia with packed nuclei
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How does epithelia change from Bowman's capsule to PCT?
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simple squamous to cuboidal with a well-developed brush border
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What is a filtration slit?
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The thin space b/w two secondary processes on a podocyte
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How does the podocyte-endothelial cell junction regulate filtration?
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heparan sulfate to repel anions
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How do pedicels interact with each other?
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Nephron
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What molecules can get through the glomerular filtration?
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< 3.5 nm and positive/neutral charge
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What anchors Nephrons to pedicels?
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CD2AP
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Nephron deficiency is what disease?
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Congenital nephrotic syndrome
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What holds pedicels in the basal lamina?
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integrin
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What do mesangial cells do?
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- contract up angioII stimulation to limit glomerular flow
- structural support for the glomeruli - ECM - phagocytosis - produce cytokines and prostaglandins |
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How do the abundant mitochondria and membrane infoldings affect the staining?
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acidophilic/eosinophilic
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What is found in abundance on the basolateral side of the PCT cells?
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Na K ATPase
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What is the purpose of the LOH?
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To make hypertonic urine
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What does the DCT interact with?
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@ the original glomerulus it interacts with the juxtaglomerular apparatus, especially the macula densa
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1- PCT
2- DCT 3- PCT |
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How do you differentiate PCT/DCT cells?
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PCTs have abundant lysosomes
PCTs have microvilli |
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What does renin do?
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Cleaves the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (ACE converts ang I to ang II)
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What do collecting duct cells look like?
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dome-like, no apical membrane structures
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How wide can collecting ducts become?
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from 40 to 200 microns as you move down towards the medullary pyramid tip
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What are the two cell types in the collecting duct?
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principal cell
intercalated cell |
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What do intercalated cells do?
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secrete H or bicarb
absorb K dark |
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What do principal cells do?
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Na regulation (aldosterone)
secrete K light |
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Describe the branching pattern of renal A:
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renal A -> ant/post interlobar -> arcuate -> interlobular -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole
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Where are interlobar A?
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inb/w renal pyramids
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What is important to know about interlobular A?
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They form the boundary of renal lobules which have a medullary ray and cortical labyrinth
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1- interlobular
2- arcuate 3- interlobar 4- afferent 5- glomerulus 6- efferent |
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1- stellate V
2- peritubular capillary network 3- vasa recta 4- interlobular V 5- arcuate V 6- interlobar V |
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What differentiates the two types of nephrons?
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Cortical nephrons have a renal corpuscle near the surface of the cortex, while juxtamedullary nephrons have their renal corpuscle near the cortex-medulla interface. The JM nephrons produce a higher concentrated urine.
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1- thin limbs
2- vasa rectae 3- collecting duct 4- interstitial cells |
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What cells do the muscularis walls of the bladder develop from?
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adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme
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1- mucosa
2- vessels and nerves 3- muscularis 4- adventitia |
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What happens when the uroepithelium becomes full?
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The epithelia changes from columnar-like to stratified squamous and an apical plaque of cytoskeleton forms to prevent permeation.
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arcuate vessel
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blue arrows
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medullary rays
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black
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interlobular A
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macula densa
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red dot
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proximal tubule
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black
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distal convoluted tubule
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1- TAL
2- TDL |
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thin loop of henle
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collecting duct
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afferent arteriole
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vasa recta
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collecting tubules
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LOH
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1- muscularis
2- mucosa 3- adventitia |
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what is this?
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ureter
1- epithelium 2- inner longitudinal muscularis 3- outer circular muscrularis 4- CT |
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1- mucosa
2- muscularis 3- serosa |
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1- zona glomerulosa
2- zona fasciculata 3- zona reticularis 4- medulla |
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1- mucosa
2- muscularis mucosa 3- submucosa 4- artifact space 5- muscularis externa 6- adventitia 7- submucosal gland |
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submucosal gland
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Auerbach's plexus
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What level of esophagus is this?
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lower 1/3 (smooth muscle)
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Where are renal corpuscles found?
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renal cortex
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What makes up medullary rays?
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medulla segments of collecting tubules that penetrate the cortical space
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What kind of cells line the collecting tubules?
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dome-shaped columnar epithelium
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What is unique about bladder epithelium?
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Transitional epithelium can expand upon filling
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What 3 layers make up the urinary bladder?
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urothelium/mucosa
3-layered muscularis adventitia except over fundus/dome of bladder |
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What is protective on the urothelium?
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plaque aggregates from intramembranous proteins that are mobilized
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What kind of cell?
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facet cell
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What kind of endothelium lines the glomerulus?
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discontinuous capillary
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What fluid makes up the urinary space in this diagram?
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urine
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What tubule?
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PCT
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What tubule?
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DCT
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What tubule?
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LOH
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What tubule?
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collecting duct
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