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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy required for a reaction to occur
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activation energy
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protein catalysts that accelerate reactions
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enzymes
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process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium
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endocytosis
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ingestion of fluids or small particles
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pinocytosis
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engulfing of large particles
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phagocytosis
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convolutions on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
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cristae
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contain oxidative enzymes that catalyze a class of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is produced by the transfer of hydrogen from a substrate to oxygen
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peroxisome
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usually found in fat tissue of germinating seedlings
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glyoxysomes
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non protein molecule that helps an enzyme become catalytically active
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cofactor
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an enzyme devoid of its necessary cofactor
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apoenzyme
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an enzyme that contains its cofactor
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holoenzyme
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coenzymes that are tightly bound to their enzymes
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prosthetic groups
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organic cofactors
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coenzymes
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conenzymes cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from ___
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vitamins
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model that shows effect of concentration on enyme activity
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Michaelis-Menten model
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Enzyme kinetics: A low Km reflects ___ affinity for substates
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high
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enzyme that has two or more active sites and may be composed of more than one subunit; oscillates b/w 2 configurations
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allosteric enzyme
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a molecule other than the substrate that binds to the enzyme
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regulator
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prevents an enzyme from binding to a substrate by stabilizing the inactive conformation
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allosteric inhibitor
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stabilizes the active configuration, promoting the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
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allosteric activator
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mechanism in which end product of a sequence of enzymatic reactions becaomes an allosteric modulator of one of the preceeding enzymes
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feedback inhibition
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reactions w/ weak enzyme-inhibitor complexes that dissociate easily are referred to as
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reversible inhibition reactions
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compete w/ substrate directly by binding to active site of enzyme
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competitive inhibitor
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bind to other sites on enzyme and cause a conformation change in order to prevent formation of enzyme-substrate complex
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non-competitive inhibitor
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type of inhibition where permanent damage is done to the active site
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irreversible inhibition
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enzyme that is secreted in an inactive form
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zymogen
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organisms that convert sunlight into energy stored in bonds of organic molecules
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autotrophic
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organisms that obtain their energy catabolically, via the breakdown of organic nutrients that must be ingested
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heterotrophic
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net reactions of photosynthesis:
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6CO2 + 6H2O+Energy-->C6H12O6 +6O2
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cell's main energy currency
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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Hydrolyisis of ATP generally gives:
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ADP and Pi(inorganic phosphate)
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for each mole of ATP, approximately ____ energy is released
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7 kcal
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reaction that requires heat to occur
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endergonic (endothermic)
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ATP can also be hydrolized into:
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AMP (adenosine monophospate) and PPi (pyrophosphate)
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loss of an electron
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oxidation
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gain of electrons
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reduction
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series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane that are:
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electron transport chain
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NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are all ___ during their catabolic processes
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reduced
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NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are ___ during their anabolic processes
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oxidized
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first stage of cellular respirations
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glycolysis
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oxidative breakdown of glucose leaves us with:
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2 molecules of pyruvate
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glycolysis occurs in the
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cytoplasm
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absence of oxygen
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anaerobic
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oxygen is present
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aerobic
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when no oxygen is present, ___ occurs after glycolysis
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fermentation
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fermentation reduces pyruvate into:
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ethanol (yeast and other bacteria) or lactic acid (animals)
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After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, the next step of cellular respiration is:
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The Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
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in the Kreb's cycle, pyruvate is converted to
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acetyl CoA
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electron carriers found in the electron transport chain that resemble hemoglobin in the structure of their active site
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cytochromes
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