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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The excretory system serves many functions, including: |
regulation of blood pressure regulation of blood osmolarity acid-base balance removal of nitrogenous wastes |
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The ________ produces urine, which dumps into the ________ at the ________. Urine is then collected in the ________ until it is excreted through the _________. |
kidney ureter renal pelvis bladder urethra |
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The kidney contains a ________ and a ________. Each kidney has a ________, which contains a renal artery, renal vein and ureter. |
cortex medulla hilum |
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The kidney contains ________ with two capillary beds in series. Blood from the ________ flows into _______, which form ________ in _______ (the first capillary bed). Blood then flows through the ________ to the ________, which surround the ________ (the second capillary bed), before leaving the kidney through the _______. |
(renal) portal system renal artery afferent arterioles glomeruli Bowman's capsule efferent arteriole vasa recta nephron renal vein |
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The bladder has a muscular lining known as the _______, which is under parasympathetic control. It also has two muscular sphincters. The ________ consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary (parasympathetic) control. The ________ consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control. |
detrusol muscle internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter |
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The kidney participates in solute movement through three processes: Filtration is the movement of solutes from ________ to ________ at ________. The direction and rate of filtration is determined by _______, which account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the _______ and ________. Secretion is the movement of solutes from ________ to _______ at ________. Reabsorption is the movement of solutes from ________ to _______. |
blood filtrate Bowman's capsule Starling forces glomerulus Bowman's space blood filtrate anywhere other than Bowman's capsule filtrate blood |
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Each segment of the nephron has a specific function. The _______ is the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt and water. It is also the site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia and urea. The _______ is permeable to water but not salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated ________, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate. The ________ and ________ flow in opposite directions, creating a ________ that allows maximal reabsorption of water. The ________ is permeable to salt but not water; therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively. The _______ is in the outer medulla; because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate actually becomes hypotonic compared to the blood. The _______ is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion, like the PCT. The _______ is responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body's needs. |
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) descending limb of the loop of Henle renal medulla vasa recta nephron countercurrent multiplier system ascending limb of the loop of Henle diluting segment distal convoluted tubule (DCT) collecting duct |
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The kidney is under hormonal control. When blood pressure (and volume) are low, two different hormonal system are activated: ________ is a steroid hormone regulated by the ________ system that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure), but no change in blood osmolarity. ________ is a peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Its release is stimulated not only by low blood volume but also by high blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption. This results in an increased blood volume (and pressure) and a decreased blood osmolarity. |
aldosterone renin-angiotensin-aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) |
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The kidney can regulate pH by selective reabsorption or secretion of ________. What happens at low pH? High pH? |
bicarbonate or hydrogen ions kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and increase reabsorption of bicarbonate kidneys excrete more bicarbonate and increase reabsorption of hydrogen ions |
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The skin is composed of three major layer: The _______ is composed of five layers: The _______ contains stem cells that proliferate to form _______. _______ nuclei are lost in the _______, and many thin layers form in the _______. ________ produce ________, which protects the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation; _______ is passed to _______. _______ are special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin. The _______ is composed of two layers: Many sensory cells are located in the _______, including _______ (deep pressure and texture), _______ (pain), _______ (light touch), _______ (stretch) and _______ (deep pressure and vibration). The _______ contain fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body. |
epidermis dermis hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale Come Let's Get Sun Burned stratum basale keratinocytes keratinocyte stratum granulosum stratum corneum melanocytes melanin melanin keratinocytes Langerhans cells papillary layer reticular layer Merkel cells free nerve endings Meissner's corpuscles Ruffini endings Pacinian corpuscles hypodermis |
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The skin is important for thermoregulation, or the maintenance of a constant internal temperature. Cooling mechanisms include sweating, which absorbs heat from the body through evaporation of water from sweat, and _______ Sweat glands are innervated by _______. Warming mechanisms include piloerection, in which _______ muscles contract, causing hairs to stand on end (trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin), ________, shivering and insulation provided by fat. |
vasodilation postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic neurons arrector pili vasoconstriction |
