Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
266 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
endocrine syst acts as a?
|
mean of intern communc
|
|
endocrine glands synth and secr?
|
hormones
|
|
endocrine gl secr into?
|
circulatory system
|
|
exocrine glands like gall bladder secr into?
|
ducts, not circul syst
|
|
name endocrine glands
|
hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thryoid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary, testis
|
|
pituitary gland is located
|
at base of brain
|
|
pituitary
2 main lobes? |
anterior and posterior
|
|
pituitary has how many lobes?
|
3.
intermed lobe is rudimentary |
|
anterior pituitary synth what 2 general types of hormones
|
1. direct hormones
2. tropic hormones |
|
tropic hormones?
|
stim other endocrine glands to release hormones
|
|
hormon secr of anterior pit are regul by?
|
hypothalalmic secretions called releasing/ inhib hormones
|
|
growth hormone is made by
|
anterior pit
|
|
growth hormone is also called?
|
GH, somatotropin
|
|
Growth hormone is a
direct or tropic hormone |
direct hormone
|
|
GH does what?
|
promotes bone and muscle growth, inhib uptake of gluc by cert cells, stim breakdown of fatty acid, conser gluc
|
|
what hormone stim bone and muslce growth, and stim breakdown of fatty acid?
|
growth hormone, somatotropin
|
|
GH secret is stimul by?
|
hypothalamic releasing hormone GHRH
|
|
GH secr is inhib by?
|
somatostatin
|
|
GH secret is under hypothal contr, and what oth contr?
|
neural and metabolic
|
|
Dwarfism arises from?
|
GH defic
|
|
overprod of GH prod?
|
gigantism
|
|
overprod of GH in adults causes?
|
gigantism
|
|
gigantism is caused by?
|
overprod of GH
|
|
GIGantism is charact by?
|
disproport growth of skull, jaw, feet, and hands
|
|
anterior pituitary prod what direct hormones?
|
1. gr horm
2. prolactin 3. endorphins |
|
anter pit
prolactin does what? |
stim milk prod and secr in femal mammary glands
|
|
anter pit
direct hormones endorphins do what? |
inhib the percp of pain
|
|
enkephalins are ?
|
endorphins
|
|
tropic hormones of anterior pit are?
|
1. acth
2. TSH 3. LH 4. FSH |
|
FLAT PEG
|
six hormones of ant pit
fsh ls acth tsh prolact endorph gh |
|
ant pit
tropic horm Adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH does what |
stim the adren cortex to synt and secrete glucocorticoids. regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
|
|
ACTH stim adrenal cortex to secrete?
|
glucocorticoids
|
|
ACTH is regul by
|
CRF
|
|
CRF is
|
corticotropin releasing factor
|
|
ant pit
thyroid stimul hormone does what |
stim thyroid gland to absorb iodine and syn thyroid hormone. regulated by TRH
|
|
anter pit
TSH stim thyroid gland to absorb? |
iodine
|
|
TSH is regulated by?
|
TRH
|
|
where is TSH released from?
|
anter pit
|
|
anter pit
luteinizing hormone LH does what? |
stim ovulat and format of copus luteum in women, in men- stim interst c of testes to syn test.
|
|
LH is regul by?
|
estrogen, progest, gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH
|
|
ant pit
tropic horm Adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH does what |
stim the adren cortex to synt and secrete glucocorticoids. regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
|
|
ACTH stim adrenal cortex to secrete?
|
glucocorticoids
|
|
ACTH is regul by
|
CRF
|
|
CRF is
|
corticotropin releasing factor
|
|
ant pit
thyroid stimul hormone does what |
stim thyroid gland to absorb iodine and syn thyroid hormone. regulated by TRH
|
|
anter pit
TSH stim thyroid gland to absorb? |
iodine
|
|
TSH is regulated by?
|
TRH
|
|
where is TSH released from?
|
anter pit
|
|
anter pit
luteinizing hormone LH does what? |
stim ovulat and format of copus luteum in women, in men- stim interst c of testes to syn test.
|
|
LH is regul by?
|
estrogen, progest, gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH
|
|
post pit stores what hormones
|
oxytocin and ADH
|
|
oxytocin and adh are made by ____________ and stored in _______________
|
made by hypothalamus
stored by post pit |
|
post pit is stim to rel hormones by?
|
act potent from hypothalamus
|
|
oxytocin does what?
|
incr str of uterine muscle contr. stim milk secret
|
|
suckling induces what hormone?
|
oxytocin
|
|
post pit
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) does what? |
incre the permeability of nephron's collect ducts to water, prom water eabsorption and incre bl volume
|
|
ADH is also called?
|
vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone
|
|
ADH does what to bl vol?
|
incr blood volume
|
|
when bl vol decre post pit secre what?
|
adh
|
|
if plasma osmolarity incr what post pit hormone is relesased?
|
adh
|
|
osmorecept in hypothalamus sense?
|
plasma osmolarity
|
|
hypothalamus have ______________ that sense plasma osmolarity
|
osmoreceptors
|
|
barorecept in circulatory syst can sense?
|
changes in blood volume
|
|
which hormone incre the permeability of nephrons collect duct to water and prom water reabsorp?
|
adh
|
|
hypothalamus is part of the ________________
|
forebrain
|
|
hypothalamus is locat above?
|
pit gland
|
|
hypoth neurosecret c regulate pit gland secretions thr?
|
1. negat feedb
2. inhib and rele hormones |
|
hypothalamus
have releasing horm that secret into? |
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal systm
|
|
hypothalamic - hypophyseal portal syst has how many capillary beds?
|
2
|
|
what conn the 2 capill beds in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?
|
a portal vein
|
|
hypothalamus interacts with _____________ thr a portal vein
|
ant pit
|
|
oversect of hormones is prev by?
|
negative feedback
|
|
hypothal has neurosecr c that synth and transp ________________ via their axons to post pit
|
oxytocin and adh
|
|
how does oxytoc and adh get from hypoth to post pit?
|
by the axons of neurosc c
|
|
throid gland
describe |
bi lobed
loc on ventral surf of trachea |
|
throid gland prod?
|
thyroxine, triidothyronine, and calcitonin
|
|
who make calcitonin?
|
thyroid gland
|
|
who makes thryoxine?
|
thyroid gland
|
|
T4 and T3 are made by?
|
thyroid
|
|
T4 and T3 are derived from?
|
iodination of aa tyrosine
|
|
Thyroid hormones T4 T3 are necess for?
|
gr and neurol dev in children
|
|
thyroid hormones do what?
|
neur and gr in child
incre rate of cell resp, prot and fatty acid synth |
|
high levels of thyroid hormone inhibit?
|
trh and tsh secre
|
|
iodine defec causes?
|
hypothyroidism
|
|
hypothyroidism common sympt are?
|
slowed heart rate and resp rate, fatigue, cold intole, and weight gain
|
|
cretinism in infants is caused by?
|
hypothyroidism
|
|
cretinism
symp |
mental retard, and sh stature
|
|
thyroid is overstim in what condition?
|
hyperthyroidism
|
|
goiter is?
|
an enlarged thyroid
|
|
calciTONIN tones down?
|
Ca2+
|
|
PTH increases?
|
Ca2+ concentr
|
|
PTH act antagonist to ?
|
calcitonin
|
|
calcitonin acts antagonist to ?
|
PTH
|
|
Thyroid
calcitonin does what? |
descr plasma Ca2+ concentr
|
|
calc inhibits the release of ?
|
ca2+ from bone
|
|
calcitonin is made by the?
|
thyroid
|
|
parathyroid gl are located?
|
on post surf of thyroid. 4 small pea shaped struct
|
|
PTH , __________, and _______________ regul plasma CA2+ levels.
|
calcitonin, and vitamin D
|
|
PTH ___________ Ca2+ levels
|
increases
|
|
PTH decreases?
|
Ca2+ excretion in kidneys
|
|
PTH converts ______________ into its active form
|
Vitamin D
|
|
Vitamin D stim ____________________
|
intestinal calcium absorption
|
|
PTH is the
|
parathyroid hormone
|
|
calcium plays import roles in?
|
1. bone
2. reg of muscle contr 3. cofact for normal bl clott 4. cell movem 5. exocytosis 6. neurotransmitter release |
|
where are adrenal glands located?
|
on top of the kidneys
|
|
adrenal glands are made up of?
|
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla |
|
adrenal cortex
makes what steroid hormones in resp to stress? |
glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and cortical sex hormones
|
|
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids are also called? |
corticosteroids
|
|
adrenal cortex is stim by ?
|
ACTH
|
|
adrenal cortex is stim by ACTH in resp to ?
|
stress
|
|
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids name 2 |
cortisol, cortisone
|
|
glucocorticoids
cortisol and cortisone do what? |
raise bl gluc lev by promot gluconeogenesis and decr prot synth
red immulogic and inflamm resp |
|
what 2 hormones raise bl gluc lev by promot gluconeogenesis?
|
cortisol, cortisone
|
|
adrenal cortex
mineralcorticoids regulated bl levels of? |
sodium and potassium
|
|
who makes aldosterone?
|
adrenal cortex
|
|
adrenal cortex
aldosterone causes? |
act reab of sodium and pass reabsorpt of water in the nephron
|
|
aldosteron secr does what to bl vol and bl press?
|
incre bl vol and bl press
|
|
what hormone regul plasma lev of sodium and potassium?
|
aldosterone
|
|
aldoster stim secretion of?
|
potassium and hydrogen ion and excret in urin
|
|
renin- angiotensisn syst regul what hormone?
|
aldosterone
|
|
blood volume falls, what happens in renin- angiotensin system?
|
bl vol falls, juxtglom c prod renin, renin conv angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. angiotensin I is conv to angiotensin II, angiotens II stim adren cortex to secr aldosterone, aldost rest bl vol by incre sodium reabb at kidney, this leads to incre water reabsorpt
|
|
what prod renin?
|
juxtaglomerular c of kidney
|
|
what does renin do?
|
its an enzyme that conv antiotensinogen to angiotensin I
|
|
angiotensinogen is a __________ protein
|
plasma
|
|
angiotensisn II stimulates?
|
adrenal cort to secr alsosterone
|
|
angiotensis II does what 2 things?
|
1. stim secr of aldosterone
2. incre bl press by a vasoconstrictive effect |
|
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors do what?
|
block conv of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
|
|
ACE inhibitors are used to treat?
|
high bl press and CHF
|
|
which inhibitor blockes the convers of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
|
ACE inhibitor
|
|
adrenal cortex
secretes what male sex hormone? |
androgens.
|
|
adrenal cortex
overprod of androgens in females what symptoms? |
excess facial hair,
mascul effectsw |
|
adrenal medulla
have sympathetic _____________ |
nerve c
|
|
adrenal medulla
sympath nerve c secrete hormones into? |
circul systm
|
|
adrenal med prod?
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine
|
|
other name for epinephrine and norepinephrine?
|
adrenaline, noradrenaline
|
|
name 2 catecholamines?
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine
|
|
catecholamines are derived from?
|
aa
|
|
adrenal medulla
epinephrine does what? |
incre conv of glycogen into glucose in liver and muscle tiss
incre metabolic rate incre rate and str of h beat dilate bl vess to skel mus |
|
what 2 hormones decr bl flow to kidneys, skin, and digest tract?
|
epinephr, norep
|
|
Fight or flight response is med by what 2 hormones?
|
epinephr and norephr
|
|
epinephr and norepineph are hormones and _______________
|
neurotransm
|
|
pancreas is an exocrine and ?
|
endocrine organ
|
|
pancreas
exoocrine prod are? |
digest enzymes that trav thr ducts
|
|
pancreas
endocr funct is done by? |
islets of langerhans
|
|
pancreas
islets of langerhans is composed of? |
alpha, beta, and delta c
|
|
pancreas
islets of langerhans alpha c make? |
glucagon
|
|
pancreas
beta c make? |
insulin
|
|
pancreas
delta c prod ? |
somastostatin
|
|
in pancreas who makes somatostatin>?
|
delta c
|
|
glucagon is made where?
|
pancreas in the alpha c
|
|
what are exocrine prod of pancreas?
|
amylase
lipase trypsin, chymotrypsin, carobxypeptidase |
|
pancreas
glucagon stimulates |
prot and fat degrad. convers of glycogen to gluc and gluconeogenesis.
it incre bl gluc levels |
|
glucagon secret is stimul by?
|
decr in bl gluc and gastrointentestinal hormones like CCK and gastrin
|
|
glucagon is antagonistic to ?
|
insulin
|
|
CCK and gastrin stimulate the secret of which hormone?
|
glucagon
|
|
high plasma glucose levels inhibit what pancreatic hormone?
|
glucagon
|
|
insulin _________________ plasma glucose
|
decreases
|
|
glucagon ______________ plasma glucose
|
increases
|
|
insulin is what type of hormone?
|
protein
|
|
Insulin stimulates
|
uptake of gluc by muslce and adipose tiss, stor of gluc as glycogen in muscle and liver c.
|
|
t or f
gluc stim the synth of fats |
true
|
|
insulin stim the ____________ of fats
|
synthesis
|
|
growth hormone, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and glucagon all?
|
increase plasma glucose
|
|
name 4 hormones that incr plasma gluc?
|
1. glucagon
2. growth hormone 3. glucocorticoids 4. epinephrine |
|
hypoglycemia is caused by?
|
overprod of insulin
|
|
making too much insulin causes?
|
hypoglycemia
|
|
diabetes mellitus happens when you have?
|
underprod of ins or insensitiv to insulin
|
|
diabetes mellitus
you will have hypo or hyper glycemia? |
hyperglycemia
|
|
high bl gluc level leads to secret of?
|
gluc and water
|
|
diabetes mellitus
sympt |
1. hyperglycemia
2. secret of gluc and water 3. weakness, fatigue 4. ketoacidosis |
|
ketoacidosis is?
|
danger lowering of bl ph due to excess keto acids and fatty acids in the plasma
|
|
pacreas
somatostatin leads to decr? |
insulin and glucagon secret
|
|
what stimul secret of somatostatin?
|
1. high bl gluc lev
2. high AA levels |
|
secre of somatostatin leads to ?
|
decre insul and glucagon secretion
|
|
T or F
somatostatin is regulated by CCK and GH levels |
T
|
|
somatostatin is made in?
|
pancreas
|
|
somatostatin is always ________________
|
inhibitory
|
|
the _______________ c of the testes prod and secrete androgens
|
interstitial
|
|
what do the interstitial c of testes make?
|
androgens
|
|
testosteron is a type of
|
androgen
|
|
testosteron is regulated by a negat feedback loop involv?
|
FSH and LH
|
|
testicular feminization is due to?
|
insensitiv to test
|
|
XY, but looks like a female is due to?
|
testicular feminization
|
|
______________ in the testes make testosteron
|
interstitial cells
|
|
ovaries secr what hormones?
|
estrogens, progesterone
|
|
secret of estr and progesterone is regulated by?
|
LH and FSH, which are regulated by GnRH
|
|
estr and progest is ultimately regulated by?
|
GnRH
|
|
estrog and progesterone are ___________ hormones
|
steroid
|
|
estrogen stim ?
|
devel of female reprod tract, and devel of sec sex charact, and sex drive, and thick of endometrium
|
|
who secretes estrogen?
|
ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
|
|
progesterone is secre by?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
progesterone stim devel of?
|
endometrial walls
|
|
4 parts of menstrual cycle?
|
1. follicular phase
2. ovulation 3. luteal phase 4. menstruation |
|
menstrual cycle
follicular phase ________ act tog to promote devel of several ovarian follicles |
FSH, and LH
|
|
Follicular phase
later half rising levels of ___________ stimulate GnRh secretion, which stimulates more LH secretion |
estrogen
|
|
follicular phase
FSH and LH promote devl of ovar follicles which begin to secr ______________ |
estrogen
|
|
ovulation
is caused by ? |
a surge in LH
|
|
ovulation
the surge in LH is caused by? |
a peak in estrogen levels
|
|
_______ surge at midcycle triggers ovul
|
LH
|
|
_____________ mature during follicular phase (FSH, LH)
|
follicles
|
|
the ruptured follicle bec ___________
|
corpus luteum
|
|
corpus luteum secretes?
|
estrog and progest
|
|
corpus luteum secr estr and progest to ?
|
build up uterine lining
|
|
luteal phase
LH induces ruptured follicle to dev into? |
corpus luteum
|
|
_______ causes glands of endometrium to mature and prod secret to prepare it for implantat of an embryo
|
progesterone
|
|
what are essent for maint of endometrium?
|
progest and estrog
|
|
what inhibits secret of GnRH during luteal phase?
|
progesterone and estrog
|
|
luteal phase
the inhib of GnRH prev? |
maturat of addit follicles
|
|
menstruation
if corpus luteum is not fertil what happens? |
the corpus luteum atrophies
|
|
when corpus luteum atrophies what happens?
|
there is a drop in progesterone and estrogen
|
|
Drop in progest and estrog lev causes _____________ to slough off
|
endometrium
|
|
menstruation.
progest and estrog levels decline and _________ is no longer inhibited |
GnRH
|
|
menstruation
GnRH restimulates? |
LH and FSH secret
|
|
if fertiliz doesnt occur, corpus luteum atrophies, ______________ lev decre, and __________ then begin to rise again
|
progest and estrog lev decr,
LH and FSH lev begin to rise |
|
pregnancy
corpus lut is preserved by? |
human chorionic gonadotropin
|
|
who makes HCG?
|
blastocyst and devel placenta
|
|
first trimester
HCG maintains progest and estrog secret by the ___________ |
corp luteum
|
|
preg
first trim who secret progest and estrog? |
corp luteum
|
|
preg
sec trimest HCG levels? |
decline
|
|
preg
sec trim who starts secre lots of progest and estrog? |
placenta
|
|
the placenta secr high levels of progest and estrog inhibit?
|
GnRH secretion.
|
|
as placenta secre high lev of progest and estrog, inhib GnRH secret. what is prevented?
|
FSH and LH secret
|
|
menopause is a result of ?
|
prog decl in funct of ovaries
|
|
during menopause less _____________ is prod
|
estrogen
|
|
pineal gland secretes?
|
melatonin
|
|
who secretes melatonin?
|
pineal gland
|
|
melatonin plays a role in?
|
circadian rhythms
|
|
melatonin secret is regulated by?
|
light and dark cycles in envir
|
|
name 3 import gastrointest hormones?
|
1. gastrin
2. secretin 3. CCK |
|
Kidney hormones?
|
1. renin- regul aldost secre
2. erthropoietin- resp to decr renal oxyg lev and stim bone marrow to prod rbc |
|
erthyopoietin does what?
|
its secr by kidney in resp to decr renal oxy level and stim bone marrow to prod rbc
|
|
Kidney
REnin- is involv in regul of ? |
aldosterone secretion
|
|
heart releases what hormones?
|
atrial natriuretic hormone
|
|
atrial natriuretic hormone is made by?
|
the heart
|
|
atrial natriuretic hormone reg?
|
salt and water bal
|
|
THymus is located?
|
front of neck region
|
|
thymus secre?
|
thymosin dur childhood
|
|
thymus regul ____________ dev and different
|
t lymphocyte
|
|
_______________ atrophies by adulthood
|
thymus
|
|
what are 3 chem struct of hormones?
|
1. pept horm
2. steroid 3. aa derived |
|
what is 2 ways horm affect target c?
|
1. extracell recep
2. intracell recept |
|
peptide hormones
are synthes as? |
large polypeptides
|
|
after peptide polypeptide is cut into sm units where is it taken?
|
the golgi apparatus
|
|
pept hormones act as ________________ meesengers
|
first
|
|
pept horm----- bind to spec recept------ ???
|
convers of ATP to cAMP
|
|
ATP to cAMP by what enzyme?
|
adenylate cyclase
|
|
cyclic AMP acts as _______________ messenger
|
second
|
|
cAMP relays messages from _____________ to?
|
extracell pept hormone to cytoplasm enzymes
|
|
cAMP is causes a _____________ effect?
|
cascade
|
|
in a cascade eff, in each step the horm?
|
the effects of the hormones are amplified
|
|
cAMP is inactivated by?
|
phosphodiesterase
|
|
phosphodiesterase does what?
|
inactiv cAMP
|
|
steroid hormones are derived from?
|
lipids
|
|
steroid hormones can pass thr?
|
cell membr
|
|
t or f
steroid hormones are stored |
f
|
|
t or f
steroid hormones react with cell membr recept |
F
|
|
ster horm bind to spec recept prot in ?
|
cytoplasm
|
|
steroids
recept-horm complex enters the? |
nucleus
|
|
ster horm
recept hormone compl enters nucle and then? |
dir act express of spec genes
|
|
t or f
pept hormones bind w recept and act direct on genes |
f
|
|
AA are made in ?
|
cytoplasm of glandular cells
|
|
AA hormones act as?
|
1. first messengers
2. like steroid hormones, entering nucl |
|
T or F
AA deriv hormones act thr sec messengers |
T
but some also act as ster hormones. |
|
ADH is a _____________ hormone?
|
peptide
|
|
estrogen, aldosterone are ________________ hormones
|
steroid
|
|
epinephrine is a
a. ster horm b .aa der horm c. pept horm |
b. aa deriv hormone
|