Med Micro Exam 1

Microbe

Human

Treatment

Bacteria

Archaea

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to Bacteria.

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk?

Genus species (italicized)

Multiple species within a given genus

EX: Homo Spp.

Came after Linnaeus and before Ivanovsky/Beijerick. Important with vaccines, food spoilage, and identifying.

Russian tobacco disease. First thought to be a poison.

Came after Linnaeus and Pasteur. Young scientist, used porcelain filters to search for bacteria. Couldn't understand a disease that wasn't caused by bacteria.

Thought it was a poison, but it replicated so he knew it wasn't. Smaller than bacteria, but can cause disease.

Found that some viruses can cause cancer.

Made of DNA or RNA

Protein coat

NOT CELLS
NOT LIVING

Bacteria may have evolved from viruses

Can be called particles

Virus particle existing outside a host

Progeny or "babies" can be called virions

Far smaller than bacteria and animal cells.

Genetic material in middle

Protein coat (capsid made of capsomeres)

Some have an envelope

Either DNA or RNA

Very space efficient, no JUNK DNA

Genes overlap in 1 or 2 directions

Up to 6 genes overlapping at once

(3 on top, 3 on bottom)

7 classes

Based on type of genetic material

Within a taxon, disease states vary greatly

Double stranded is most common

Single stranded is most common

Double-stranded DNA

Single-stranded DNA

Double-stranded RNA

Single-stranded RNA - Positive sense

Single-stranded RNA - Negative Sense

Single-strand RNA that replicates through a DNA intermediate.

HIV!!!

Double-stranded DNA that replicates through an RNA intermediate.

BC 4

Can readily go straight into a ribosome

BC 5

Has to make a complimentary copy of itself in order to enter a ribosome.

Protein coat

Made of capsomeres (AKA protomers)

What makes up the capsid (protein coat)

AKA protomer

Within a capsid, these can be identical or heterogenous

Another name for Capsomer

Makes up capsid

When the capsid and genetic material are one unit.

1. Helical

2. Icosahedral

3. Complex

May be on helical OR icosahedral viruses

Envelope usually comes off of host's cell membrane but can be from an inner membrane (endoplasmic reticulum).

May have spikes

Viral Spikes

Proteins that stick out through envelope

Head/tail morphology

NOT a human pathogen

Drugs prevent HIV from binding to cells (different drugs stop different stages in this docking) in order to protect them.

1. Adsorption

2. Penetration

3. Uncoating

4. Synthesis

5. Assembly

6. Release

First step in viral replication

Attach to target proteins

Some proteins are only on certain tissue cell, explains why some infections are contained to specific areas in the body.

Infiltrate cell

Membrane fusion

Injection (complex)

Nucleic acid separates from viral cell

During penetration

When the virus is inside the cell after penetration.

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

DNA template

Ribosome

+ is read as mRNA

- is converted to + then read

Virus infiltrates cell then goes quiet

EX: Herpes

RNA > DNA > RNA > Protein

Enzyme that allows the HIV DNA to incorporate itself into host DNA as a provirus.

Capsid

Then, nucleic acid inserts into capsid

Envelope is taken last

Grow until cell swells, lyses, then they rush out.

Budding or exocytosis

Lytic cycle (normal)

Lysogenic cycle (latency)

Similar to latency

Virus integrates into host's genetic material

Cell divides, phage's genetic info is in offspring

Reawakens and goes back into lytic cycle.

LYSOGENIC CONVERSION

Bacteriophages change the properties of bacteria. They can change them from harmless to poison. The poisonous bacteria can then attack human cells.

Virus that parasitizes a bacterium

Found that bacteria alone wasn't harmful to rats, but once the virus was introduced to the bacteria, it became deadly. LYSOGENIC CONVERSION.

Cells that only contain rudimentary components.

LACK nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria and Archaea

Cocci (ball)

Bacilli (rod)

Spirilla (curved or spiral)

Two cocci joined

Four cocci in a grouping

Group of 8 cocci in a group

Linked cocci

Cocci without regular displacement pattern

2 rods end-to-end

Roundish rods

EITHER

Multiple cells end to end

OR

Hinge formation (Jacob's ladder)

Curved rod (comma like) no true spiral

1-3 true rotations, flagella at two ends

3+ true rotations

Periplasmic flagella

Lets stain into cell

Cell membrane and thick cell wall

Does not allow stain into cell

Thin cell wall, thick outer membrane.

Require oxygen to make ATP

Can function with or without oxygen

Require and oxygen-poor environment to make ATP. Can change tissue to drive out oxygen.

Shape

Staining

Metabolism

Habitat

Genetics

4 Division of Prokaryotes

Gracilicutes (Gram -)

Firmicutes (Gram +)

Tenericutes (no cell wall)

Don't relate to human disease

Flagella at only one end

Multiple flagella from same point of origin

Flagella at both ends

Locomotion

Random flagella placement

Flagella wraps around bacterial body

Small, bristle-like hairs

Attach to each other and host cells

Hair-like structures

Used for reproduction (conjugation)

Slime layer

Encourage colonization

Defend cells from immune system attacks

Large, multicellular layer caused by fimbriae and glycocalyces

Dangerous because of "mob mentality"

Ability of a bacteria to know whether it's part of a colony or alone.

Recognizes the strength a colony has and becomes more active. More reproduction, cell attacking, toxin releasing.

Entire membrane complex

Cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane

Cell wall, cell membrane, outer membrane

Cell wall, cell membrane

Cell membrane only

Phospholipids and proteins

Traffic molecules in and out of cell

Metabolism

Peptidoglycan

Fermicutes

Polysaccharides

NAG and NAM

Breakdown cross-links between NAM units to destroy the integrity of the wall.

Thick

LTA and TA

Thin

Has an outer layer with LPS and receptors

LTA

LPS

Cell wall lipids and proteins

75% water

Rest is amino acids, sugar, salt

Genetic Material

Plasmid

Extra DNA that's not essential to the species identity or functions.

Swapped between species

Drug resistance genes

Extra enzymes

Toxins

Pili (during conjugation)

rRNA and protein

Proteins

Polysomes

Actin

In unideal environments

Scarce food, bad climate

Metabolically active cell

In an ideal environment

Transition state (between vegetative and endospore)

Dormant cell in unideal environment

Won't sprout until environment is good

Will return to being a vegetative cell

Chemical attack

Dryness

Heat/cold

Radiation

*Prokaryote Weird*

Obligate intracellular

Bacterium that acts like a virus

Must hijack cells to live

*Prokaryote Weirdo*

Obligate intracellular

*Prokaryote Weirdo*

Outer membrane but no peptidoglycan.

Tenericutes- no cell membrane.

Has the membrane is shouldn't have and doesn't have the one it should.

Large scale production of compounds. Two main types of products.

Large scale production of compounds. Two main types of products.

Made during exponential stage.

Product of major metabolic pathways.

Amino acids, organic acids.

Large scale production of compounds. Two main types of products.

Made during exponential stage.

Product of major metabolic pathways.

Amino acids, organic acids.

Made during plateau stage.

By-product of metabolism.

Makes antibiotics, steroids, vaccines.

Nuclei

Membrane-bound organelles

Unicellular and multicellular

Include Protista

Nuclei

Membrane-bound organelles

Unicellular and multicellular

Include Protista

8

6

Lack organized true tissue

Most are unicellular, not all.

Have membrane-bound organelles.

Some w/o mitochondria.

Usually reproduce asexually.

Sub-group of Protists.

Have all organelles except chloroplasts.

2 Layers

Ectoplasm

Endoplasm

2 Layers

Ectoplasm

Endoplasm

Clear outer layer of Protozoa cytoplasm. Helps it move, feed, and offers protection.

2 Layers

Ectoplasm

Endoplasm

Clear outer layer of Protozoa cytoplasm. Helps it move, feed, and offers protection.

Inner layer of Protozoa cytoplasm.

Where all organelles are.

Helps with metabolism and synthesis.

Heterotrophic.

Some absorb food through membrane.

Others engulf food, pack in vacuoles, then endocytize it.

Others live off of host fluid/tissue and chip away at it.

Flagella

Cilia

Pseudopodia

Gliding/Squirming

Trophozoite (active)

>Encystment

Cyst (dormant)

>Excystment

Trophozoite (active)

Flagella

Cilia

Pseudopodia

Gliding/Squirming

Trophozoite (active)

>Encystment

Cyst (dormant)

>Excystment

Trophozoite (active)

Heterotroph

Cell wall made of chitin

Most closely related to animals

Solitary fungal cell

Taxa of fungi that are unicellular

Diseases from unicellular fungi

Unicellular

Autonomous

Form networks and thread together.

Threads are called hyphae.

Threads of colonial fungi

Several hyphae together

Multicellular

Can't function if broken up, NOT autonomous.

Diving themselves

- Yeast budding

- hyphae fragmentation

Spore formation

*NOT LIKE BACTERIA*

Fungi spore are for reproduction not protection.

Pathogenic fungus.

Parasitizes grasses.

Contains LSD.

Consuming grass leads to St. Anthony's Fire in humans.

Multicellular

No cell walls

Heterotrophs

Usually sexual reproduction

Sub-class of eukaryotes.

EX: Tapeworm

Medically important animal

Worm shaped

Some have Cestodes

Others have a single main body

Flattened, compartmentalized segments of a Helminth that are used for reproduction.