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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological Evolution
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Characteristics of a population of organisms that occurs over generations.
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Populations
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Evolve, not individuals
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Natural Selection
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The different survival and reproduction of individuals in a population.
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Classification
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Implies common ancestry.
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Anatomy
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Mamillian forelimbs have the same set of bones, underlying structures are similar.
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Useless Traits Retained
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Vestigial but similar structures in ferns and flowering plants.
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DNA Similarities
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Birds in the same genus have DNA that is similar to one another while distantly classified birds have less similar DNA.
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Miller-Urey Experiment
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Demonstrated that complex molecules can spontaneously form simple chemicals
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Evolutionary Theory
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The foundation of all aspects of modern biology.
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Natural Selection Causes Evolution by:
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1. Individuals within population vary.
2. Some variations can be passed to offspring. 3. Populations produce more offspring than can survive. 4. Survival & Reproduction are not random. |
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Results of Natural Selection.
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Good traits become more common and bad traits disappear. Traits change over time.
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Artificial Selection
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Selection imposed by human choice.
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The modern synthesis of genetics and evolution
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1. Mutation and Natural Selection- Result in genes being passed on.
2. Natural Selection can not cause new traits 3. Natural Selection does not result in perfection. 4. "Trees not ladders" - Natural selection does not cause progression toward a goal. |
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Directional Selection
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Change in population traits.
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Stabilizing Selection
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Selection for the average traits.
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Diversifying Selection
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Selection for extremes.
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Species Names have two parts
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1. Genus
2. Specific Epithet |
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Prefertilization
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Percent fertilization from accuring:
1. Spatial- Species separated by distance. 2. Behavioral- Mating behaviors interfere with reproduction. 3. Mechanical- sexual organs are not compatible. 4. Temporal- Timing of reproduction is off. |
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Post Fertilization
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1. Hybrid inviability- Hybrid never born.
2. Hybrid Sterility- Hybrid can not reproduce. |
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Steps of speciation
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1. Isolation of gene pools of populations.
2. Evolutionary change. 3. Evolution of reproductive isolation between populations. |
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Gradualism
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Show accumulation of small changes over a long period of time.
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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Rapid change followed by long periods of no change.
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Migration
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Can lead to isolation of population.
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Geographic Barriers
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Can also intrude between populations.
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Allopartic
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Species separated by barriers of distance.
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Sympartic
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Species occupying the same area.
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Genealogical species concept
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Descend from a single common ancestor.
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Morphologically species concept
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With some reliable physical characteristics that distinguish them.
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Homo Erectus
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1st appears in fossil record in 1.8 MYA
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P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
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P2 = Frequency of dominant
2pa = Frequency of Hybrid q2 = Frequency of recessive |
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Founder Effect
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Genetic differences resulting from a small sample.
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Population Bottleneck
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G
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Chance Events
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Small populations are especially prone to loss of alleles through chance.
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Sexual Selection
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When a trait influences chance of noting it is sexually selected.
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Domain Bacteria
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1. Most bacteria are probes harmless to humans.
2. Competition between bacteria produces of compounds that humans make of. |
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Domain Archaea
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Typically found in extreme environments (high temp, high pressure)
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Profera
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Sponges, simple ancient life.
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Cnidaria
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Radical symmetry and simple anonar
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Platyhelminthes
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Flat worms
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Mollusca
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Hard shell sea animals
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Annelida
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Segment worms
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Nematoda
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Round worms
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Arthropoda
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Exoskeletons
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Exhinodermata
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Star fish, sea urchins.
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Cordata
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With spinal cord ( includes humans)
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Fungi
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1. Immobile, heterotrophic
2. Fed by means of hyphae 3. Antibiotics, kill bacteria |
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Plantae
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Multi cellular eukaryotic actrophic (photosynthesis)
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Bryophyta
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Moss, no tube for water movement.
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Pteridophyta
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Forms have water tubes.
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Coniferaphyta
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Cone beaning plants
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Anthophyta
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Flowering plants
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Double Fertilization
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A sperm for the embryo & sperm for nutrients.
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Viruses
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Not really alive.
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