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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Moral Action
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realm of human behavior associated with responsibility, accountability and personal culpability
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Normative Ethics
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investigates norms or standards for rightness or wrongness of actions
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Descriptive Ethics
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describes how people act or behave
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Meta-ethics
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investigates meaning and use of moral terms and the characteristics of moral judgments
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Objective Moral Standards
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norms that apply to everyone
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Relative Moral Standards
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norms that change with time, individuals and society
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Positive Law
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man makes up his own law
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Customary Mortality
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the patterns of behavior of a group determine the morality of an action
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Subjectivism
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moral observations are a matter of perspective
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Emotivism
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moral observations express emotional attitudes
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Cognitivism
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moral judgments are grounded in knowledge
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Contextualism
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considering the context of the moral agent
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Moral Egoism
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act is moral if it benefits you
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Psychological Egoism
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belief that people only do acts of self-interest
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Amorality
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lack of moral beliefs
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Partial Amorality
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holds a moral system but applies it selectively
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Consequentialism
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the belief that the results of an act determine its morality
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Hedonism
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the belief that if it bring pleasure, it is morally right
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Epicurean
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stressed refinement of pleasures and minimizing of pain
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Utilitarianism
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ends results determine moral quality, greatest good to the greatest amount of people
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Epicurus
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purpose of life in fulfillment and enjoyment and to minimize pain
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Bentham
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utilitarianism
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Hedonistic Calculus
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calculating the intensity, duration, immediacy, certainty, fecundity, and purity of pleasures
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Act Utilitarianism
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right action is one that produces the most good for the greatest amount of people
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Rule Utilitarianism
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right actions are those which conform to the rules which lead to the greatest good
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Is Ought
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difference between statements of fact (is) and moral claims (ought)
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Deontological Ethics
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actions are morally right or wrong in themselves (Kant)
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Categorical Imperatives
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moral commands that are required
1. act according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law 2. act so that you treat humanity as an end, not as a means |
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Naturalistic Fallacy
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committed a claim about ethics is supported by using a definition of the term "good" in terms of one or more natural properties
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Carol Gilligan
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challenges Kholberg's model of moral development, influence by Kant, focuses on universal moral principles. Emphasis on relationships rather than rules
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Feminist Theory
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questions theories that ignore marginalized persons, criticizes biases towards men
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Virtue Ethics
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stresses notion of character and traits a good person would have
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Telos
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end goal, to find out what the good life is
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Communitarian
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need to balance individual rights and interests with that of the community as a whole
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Natural Law Tradition
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law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere
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True Law
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right reason
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Law
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ordinance of reason, created by authority for the common good
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Summa Theologica
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written by Aquinas, summarized all the theological teachings of the time
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Theory of Human Nature and Natural Endowments
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nature is the kind of being, discoverable by observation. However, everyone has the endowments.
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The Notion of Intrinsic Good
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all natures have a goodness independent of human wishes or desires
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Constituents of a Moral Act
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the act itself, the end result and the circumstances
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Double Effect
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permissible to perform a neutra or good act even if unintended evil may be a consequence
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Martha Nussbaum
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not only a need for a concept of woman but a universal concept of the human being in order to say what women need
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Margaret Faley
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humans experience moral claims in relation to one another and these claims can cross boundaries
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Herbert Marcuse
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right to resistance has universality
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Autonomy
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capacity of an individual to make their own choices
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Constraints of Autonomy
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legal, psychological, moral, social political economic
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Legal Rights
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moral rights, grounded in ethics
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Positive Rights
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permit action
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Negative Rights
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permit inaction
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Rights Claims
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grounded in the kinds of beings we are, endowments
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Rights of Immature Humans or Damaged Humans
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exercised by others
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Rights of a Fetus or New Born
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to be treated with respect due to the dignity of being a human person
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Principlism
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autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
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Beneficence
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to do good, enhance well being of persons and society at large
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Justice
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fair in the distribution of burdens and benefits
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Case Centered Approach
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opposite of principlism, look at each case rather than theoretic foundations
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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human beings are endowed from their earliest moments with inherent properties that cannot be taken away form them
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Appetite
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dynamisms towards sense-known desirable objects
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Boethius' definition of the person
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an individual substance of a rational nature
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