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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
albumin/o
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protein
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bacteri/o
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bacteria
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cyst/o, vesic/o
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bladder or sac
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dips/o
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thirst
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus (small ball)
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gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
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glucose (sugar)
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ket/o, keton/o
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ketone bodies
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lith/o
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stone
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meat/o
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meatus (opening)
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nephro/o, ren/o
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kidney
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis (basin)
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py/o
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pus
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ureter/o
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ureter
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urethr/o
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urethra
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ur/o, urin/o
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urine
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kidneys
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two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
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cortex
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outer part of the kidney
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hilum
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indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
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medulla
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inner part of the kidney
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calices or calyces
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ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
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nephron
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microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each of which is capable of forming urine
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glomerulus
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small,ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
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Bowman capsule
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top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
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renal tubule
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stem portion of the nephron
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ureter
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tube that carries urine from kidney to the bladder
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renal pelvis
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basin-like portion of the ureter w/in the kidney
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ureteropelvic junction
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point of connection b/n renal pelvis and the ureter
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urinary bladder
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sac that hols the urine
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urethra
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single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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urethral meatus
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opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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urine
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fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products
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urea
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waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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creatinine
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waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
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albuminuria, proteinuria
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presence of albulmin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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anuria
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absence of urine formation
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bacteriuria
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presence of bacteria in the urine
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dysuria
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painful urination
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enuresis
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involunteary discharge of urine, usually referring to lack of bladder control
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nocturnal enuresis
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bed-wetting during sleep
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glucosuria, glycosuria
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glucose (sugar) in the urine
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hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine or feces
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stress urinary incontinences (SUI)
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involuntary discharge of urine w/ coughing, sneezing, and/or strained exercise
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ketonuria
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presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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ketone bodies/compounds
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acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid; pdts of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal utilization of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
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nocturia
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urination at night
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oliguria
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scanty pdt'n of urine
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polyuria
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condition of excessive urineation
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pyuria
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presence of white cells in urine, usually indicating infection
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urinary retention
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retention of urine resulting from inability to void (urinate) naturally b/c of spasm or obstruction
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adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)
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inherited condition of multiple cysts that gradually form in the kidney, causing destruction of normal tissue that leads to renal failure; diagnosed in adults presenting w/ HTN, kidney enlargement, and recurrent UTIs
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glomerulonephritis
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form of nephritis involving glomerulus
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hydronephrosis
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pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by obstructed outflow of urine
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis
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nephrosis
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degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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nephrolithiasis
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presence of a renal stone or stones
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cystitis
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inflammation of the bladder
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urethritis
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inflammation of the urethra
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urethrocystitis
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inflammation of the urethra and bladder
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urethral stenosis
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narrowed condition of the urethra
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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invasion of pathogenic organisms (commonly bacteria) in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; sx incl dysuria, urinary frequency, and malaise
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uremia, azotemia
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excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
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cystoscopy
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examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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kidney biopsy (Bx), renal biopsy (Bx)
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removal of kidney tissue for pathological examination
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP), intravenous urogram (IVU)
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x-ray image of urinary tract obtained after an iodine contrast medium has been injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, etc
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kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)
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abdominal x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; typically used as a scout film before obtaining an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
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scout film
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plain-film x-ray image obtained to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging (eg KUB before IVP)
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renal angiogram, renal arteriogram
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x-ray image of renal artery obtained after injecting contrast material into catheter in the artery
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retrograde pyelogram (RP), retrograde urogram
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x-ray image of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis obtained after contrast medium has been injected up the kidney by way of small catheter passed through a cystoscope; used to detect the presence of stones, obstruction, etc
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voiding cystourethrogram (VCU or VCUG)
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x-ray image of the bladder and urethra obtained during urination
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abdominal sonogram
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abdominal ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder
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urinalysis
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physical, chemical, and microscoping examination of urine
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specific gravity (SpGr)
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measure the conc or dilution of urine
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pH
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measure the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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glucose
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chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; most often used to screen for diabetes
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albumin (alb), protein
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chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
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ketones
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chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positivie test indicates that fats are being used by the body instead of carbs, which occurs during starvation or an uncontrolled diabetic state
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urine occult blood
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chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from RBC hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys
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bilirubin
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chemical test used to detect bilirubin In the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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urobilinogen
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chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine; increased amounts are seen in gallbladder and liver diease
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nitrite
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chemical test to dtermine the presence of bacteria in the urine
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microscopic findings
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microscopic idenftification of abnormal constituents in the urine (eg RBC, WBC, casts); reported per high- or low-power field (hpf or lpf)
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urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
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isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorgansims; organisms that grow in the culture are identified, as are drugs to which they are sensitive
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the inability of one or both kidneys to excrete urea
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creatinine, serum
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test to dtermine the level of creatinine in the blood; useful in assessing kidney function
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creatinine clearance testing
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measruements of the level of creatinine in the bood and in a 24 hr urine specimen to determine the rate at which creatinine is "cleared" from the blood by the kidneys
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urologic endoscopic surgery
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use of specialized endoscopes (eg resectoscope) w/in the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures, such as rsection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrieval, palacement of a stent, etc
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resectoscope
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urologic endoscope inserted through the urehtra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate
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intracorporeal lithotripsy
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method of destroying stones w/in the urinary tract using discharges of electrical energy that are transmitted to a probe w/in flexible endoscope; most common used to pulverize bladder stones
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nephrotomy
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incision into the kidney
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nephrorrhaphy
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suture of an injured kidney
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nephrolithotomy
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incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
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nephrectomy
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excision of a kidney
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pyeloplasty
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surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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stent placement
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use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (eg an obstructed ureter)
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kidney transplantation, renal transplantation
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transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
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urinary diversion
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creation of temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or diseases (eg bladder cancer)
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noncontinent ileal conduit
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removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma)created in the abdomen; urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag); noncontinent indicates that urine cannot be held and drains continually
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continent urostomy
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internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from segment of intestine that diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall; a valve is created internally to prevent leakage, and the patient empties the pouch by catheterization; continent refers to the ability to hold or retain urine
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orthotopic bladder; neobladder
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bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to urethra, allowing "natural" voiding
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
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procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone w/in; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
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kidney dialysis
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methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal filature
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hemodialysis
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method of removing impurites by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine (hemodialyszer)
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peritoneal dialysis
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method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles
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urinary catheterization
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methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine
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straight catheter
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type of catheter that is inserted through the urethra into the bladder to relieve urinary retention or to collect a steril specimen of urine for testing; the catheter is removed immediately after the procedure
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Foley catheter
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indwelling catheter inserted through the urethra and into the bladder that includes a collecion system allowing urine to be drained into a bag; the catheter can remain in place for an extended period
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suprapubic catheter
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indwelling catheter inserted directly in the bladder through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone that includes a collection system that allows urine to be drained into a bag; used in patients requiring long-term catheterization
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analgesic
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drug that relieves pain
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antibiotic
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drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
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antispasmodic
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drug that relieves spasm
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diuretic
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drug that increases the secretion of urine
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