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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an OINTMENT ?
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An ointment is a greasy preparation which insoluble in water and does not absorb easily into the skin.(occlusive).
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What is a CREAM ?
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an emulsion of oil and water
absorbs well into skin |
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What is a PASTE ?
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powder mixed in soft paraffin, liquid paraffin or non-greasy base.
a PASTE = POWDER + PARAFFIN |
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What is a SPRAY ?
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A SPRAY is a dry powder in an aerosol can.
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What is an ANTIMICROBIAL agent?
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An antimicrobial agent is a compound that selectively destroys or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms. Also called "antiseptics" or "disinfectants".
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An ANTIFUNGAL is....
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An ANTIFUNGAL is a compound that selectively destroys or inhibits the growth of FUNGAL CELLS.
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How do EMOLLIENTs work?
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EMOLLIENTS help maintain the water content of the skin.
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What do ASTRINGENTs do ?
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Astringents contract living tissue and in some cases lessen secretions.
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What are CAUSTICS ?
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CAUSTICS are substances that are destructive to living tissue.
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What is the action of a styptic?
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stops bleeding
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Name four mechanical methods of haemostasis used in podiatry
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Methods of mechanical haemostasis:
1) tourniquets 2) direct digital pressure 3) elevating limb 4) sutures |
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Name some common chemical haemostats used in podiatry
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Hydrogen Peroxide
Ferric Chloride (rarely used) Silver Nitrate (rarely used) |
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Name a dressing that acts as a haemostat.
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Calcium Alginate (brand name=KALTOSTAT) is a haemoststic dressing derived from seaweed.
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How do haemostats work ?
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1. mechanical action reduces blood flow to area enabling a clot to form
2. vasoconstricts small blood vessels by chemical means 3. physical plug caused by reaction between blood and dressing |
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State the function of antiseptics.
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Antiseptics kill, inactivate or disable micro-organisms.
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What is an antiseptic's mode of action?
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a) bind to the Stratum Corneum
b) disrupts microbial cell wall |
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Name four factors that affect how well an antiseptic works
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1. Duration of contact with micro-organism
2. Nature of infecting organism 3. Concentration of antiseptic 4. Temperature |
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What is a PROPHYLACTIC ?
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A prophylactic is a PREVENTATIVE MEASURE. Derived from Greek meaning "an advance guard"
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Properties of an IDEAL ANTISEPTIC ?
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- rapid action
- broad spectrum - not inhibited by organic matter - remains on skin - able to penetrate skin creases/crevices - non-toxic |
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Disadvantages of ANTISEPTICS ?
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- can reduce wound repair
- widespread use kills resident flora and allows transients to multiply - cross-infection risk from open tubes of creams |
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Name three products that contain chlorhexidine, and the percentages in each.
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Hydrex spray 0.5%
Bactigras gauze 0.5% Hibiscrub wash 4% |
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What are the properties of chlorhexidine?
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Broad spectrum antiseptic
Antifungal Viricidal |
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What are the advantages of chlorhexidine as an antiseptic agent?
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1) persistent effect for hours
2) low tissue toxicity |
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What are the properties of alcohol as a medicament?
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Broad spectrum antiseptic
Astringent |
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Betadine spray contains what agent?
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Povidone Iodine 2.5%
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What characteristics does Povidone Iodine have that make it useful in podiatry?
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1) iodine slow release renders it active for a long time
2) is active in presence of body fluids |
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What products contain iodine and in what concentrations?
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Betadine spray 2.5%
Betadine scrub 7.5% Betadine solution 10% |
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What clinical properties does iodine have?
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Broad spectrum antiseptic
Kills spores Kills viruses |
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What is the active ingredient in Anaflex cream?
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polynoxylin 10%
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What emollients contain Urea?
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Calmurid 10%
Flexitol (varies) |
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Active agents in Calmurid?
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Urea 10%
Lactic Acid 5% |
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What type of agent is Salicylic Acid?
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Caustic-Keratolytic
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Mode of action of Caustic-Keratolytics?
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breaks down salt linkages in keratin molecule
allows water into the stratum corneum |
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What strength of Salicylic Acid is used in podiatric preparations?
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60-75% w/w Salicylic Acid
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Name some branded preparations containing Salicylic Acid.
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Salactol
Bazuka |
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Podiatric uses of caustics-keratolytics?
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Verucca Pedis
Heloma Durum |
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What would you advise your patient to do to neutralise Salicylic Acid dressings?
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Soak foot in alkaline solution e.g. Sodium Bicarbonate
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What type of agent is Silver Nitrate?
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Caustic-protein precipitate
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What is Silver Nitrate used for?
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Verucca Pedis
Heloma Durum |
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Common preparation and strength of Silver Nitrate?
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75% (but up to 95%)
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What do silver nitrate sticks also contain?
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Potassium Nitrate
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What active ingredients does E45 contain?
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Medical lanolin
White Soft Paraffin |
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What active ingredients does Aqueous Cream contain?
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White Soft Paraffin
Liquid Paraffin |
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What is a styptic agent?
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stops bloodflow
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Name two styptic agents
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Hydrogen Peroxide
Aluminium Sulphate |
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Name a haemostatic dressing - what is the active ingredient?
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Kaltostat - seaweed alginate
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Wat is the difference between an Ointment and a Cream?
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Ointment - not absorbed by skin
Cream - absorbable emulsion |
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What are the two modes of action of emollients?
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Address moisture loss from skin by either:
1) occluding (preventing water escaping) 2) providing water for absorption by skin |
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What is the action of an astringent?
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contracts living tissue and
may lessen secretions |
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What does use of an antiseptic on the skin achieve?
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it reduces total skin bacterial counts of both transient and resident flora
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Antiseptic mode of action is dependent on what four factors?
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1. Time in contact with micro-organism
2. Nature of infecting org 3. Concentration of the antiseptic 4. Temperature |
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What layer of the skin do antiseptics bind to?
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the Stratum Corneum
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State 4 properties of the ideal antiseptic
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1) rapid action
2) no adverse effects 3) broad spectrum 4) active in presence of organic matter 5) penetrates crevices/cracks |
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Disadvantages of antiseptics?
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Reduce Wound Repair
Habitual Use Disadvantages Resident Flora |
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What does alcohol do to the cell wall of bacteria?
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denatures its protein
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Name three classes of antifungal agents
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Allylamines
Imidazoles Polyenes |
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What kind of antifungal preparation is indicated for...plantar TPedis infection?
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creams
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What kind of antifungal preparation is indicated for nail infections?
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Nail paints.
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Name a proprietary nail paint, its active agent and the strength.
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Loceryl (Amorolfine 5%)
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Name three antifungal agents and their brand names.
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Lamasil (Terbinafine)
Loceryl (Amorolfine) Daktarin (Miconazole) Canesten (Clotrimazole) |
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Standard supplementary advice to patients using topical antifungal agents?
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treat shoes and socks as well as feet
beware reinfection from sharing (mats, towels) |
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State 4 reasons why a patient might need to use an emollient.
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1) to prevent HK, lesions, fissures
2) systemic conditions can lead to dry skin 3) elderly skin holds less water 4) to compensate for constant handwashing |
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What kind of an agent is urea?
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keratolytic
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Name some emollients
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Doublebass
Diprobase Eucerin Calmurid E45 |
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Name a podiatric use for an astringent.
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Drying up interdigital maceration.
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What kind of agent would you use if a patient was hyperhydrotic?
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Astringent, such as potassium permanganate
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What medicament causes a black eschar, and what kind of agent is it?
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Silver Nitrate
Its a caustic-protein precipitant or Pyrogallic Acid 40% a Caustic-Reducing agent |
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How can silver nitrate be neutralised?
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Hypertonic saline solution
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Name two important contraindications to caustic therapy
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1) impaired tissue viability
2) around bony prominences, or in absence of fatty padding |
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What kind of agent is Monchloracetic Acid?
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a Hydrolysing agent
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How do hydrolysing agents work?
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by hydrolysing proteins in keratin, converting them into soluble proteins
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What to remember when using hydrolysing agents?
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Mask the area
If problems, soak in bicarbonate of soda solution |
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What is Opsite?
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A polyurethane dressing spray
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