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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Active Transport
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Movement of molecules into or out of a cell from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Requires energy and transporters.
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Characteristics of cell
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organization, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth, reproduction
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Components of the plasma membrane
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main layer is bilayer of phospholipids
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Proteins in the plasma membrane
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channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, linkers, cell identity markers
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Channels
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pores in the membrane that allow passage of specific substances, such as ions
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Transporters
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shuttle substances, such as glucose, across the membrane
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Receptors
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allow for attachment of substances, such as hormones, to the membrane
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Enzymes
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participate in reactions at the surface of the membrane
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Linkers
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give structure to the membrane and attach cells to other cells
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Cell Identity Markers
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proteins unique to a person's cells; important in the immune system and in transplantation of tissue from one person to another
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Membrane Potential
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difference in electric charge on either side of a plasma membrane
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Nucleus
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large, organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins; contains the chromosomes
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Plasma Membrane
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outer layer of the cell; mainly composed of lipids and proteins; encloses the cell contents, regulates what enters and leaves the cell, participates in growth, reproduction, and interactions between cells
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Microvilli
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short extensions of the plasma membrane; absorbs material into the cell
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Nucleolus
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small body in the nucleus; composed of RNA, DNA and protein; makes ribosomes
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Cytoplasm
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colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane; site of many cellular activities, consists of cytosol and organelles
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Cytosol
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the fluid portion of the cytoplasm; surrounds the organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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network of membranes within the cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not; Rough ER sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds; smooth ER is involved with lipid synthesis
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Ribosomes
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small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER; composed or RNA and protein; manufacture proteins
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Mitochondria
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large organelles with internal folded membranes; converts energy from nutrients into ATP
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Golgi Apparatus
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layers of membrane; makes compounds containing proteins; sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell
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Lysosomes
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small sacs of digestive enzymes; digests substances within the cell
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Peroxisomes
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membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes; break down harmful substances
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Vesicles
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small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm; store materials and move materials into or out of the cell in bulk
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Centrioles
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rod shaped bodies (usually 2) near the nucleus; help separate the chromosomes during cell division
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Cilia
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short, hairlike projections from the cell; move the fluid around the cell
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Flagellum
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long, whiplike extension from the cell; moves the cell
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Semipermeable
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capable of being penetrated by some substances and not others
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Selectively permeable
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describing a membrane that regulates what can pass through
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Diffusion
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the constant movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
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Isotonic
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has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell; cell in equilibrium with it's environment
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Hypotonic
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has a lower concentration of dissolved substance than the fluid in the cell; cell takes in water, swells, and may burst; red blood cells undergoes hemolysis
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Hypertonic
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has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell; cell will lose water and shrink; cell undergoes crenation
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Bulk Transport
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movement of large amounts of material through a cell's plasma membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion
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movement of materials across the plasma membrane along the concentration gradient using transporters to speed the process
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Filtration
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movement of materials through the plasma membrane under mechanical force
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Endocytosis
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transport of bulk amounts of material INTO the cell using vesicles
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Exocytosis
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transport of bulk materials OUT of the cell using vesicles
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DNA
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almost entirely in the nucleus; nucleotides contain adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine; double stranded helix, pairing A-T and G-C; makes up the chromosomes, divided into genes that carry the nucleotide codes for the manufacture of proteins
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RNA
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almost entirely in the cytoplasm; nucleotides contain adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil; manufacture proteins according to the code carried in DNA; 3 types messenger (mRMA), ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA)
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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is built on a strand of DNA in the nucleus and transcribes the nucleotide code; moves to cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome
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Ribosomal RMA (rRNA)
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with protein make up the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; involved in the process of translating the genetic message into a protein
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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works with other forms of RNA to translate the genetic code into protein; each molecule or tRNA carries an amino acid that can be used to build a protein into a ribosome
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Stages of Mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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Prophase
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first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the organelles disappear
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Metaphase
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second stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the equator
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Anaphase
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third phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cells
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Telephase
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final stage of mitosis, during which new nuclei form and the cell contents usually divide
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Interphase
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stage in a cell's life between one mitosis and the next when the cell is not dividing
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Apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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Cancer Risk Factors
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heredity, chemicals, radiation, physical irritation, diet, viruses
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