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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do carbs burn first? |
Enzymes ➡ when glucose enters the cell, its immediately being attacked by an enzyme |
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Glucose |
- 6 carbon compound - Hexokinase (HK) ➡ enzyme that attacks glucose - Nutrients enter cell in cytosol - Glucose meets w/ enzyme - Glycolysis takes place |
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What does carbohydrates have that proteins & fat do not? |
Hexokinase (HK) ➡ enzyme |
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Anaerobic Metabolism |
1. Glucose enters cell, its trapped 2. G6P (phosphorated), locked in 3. Glycolysis ➡ break glucose in half - Takes place in cytosol - Pyruvic acid is the product 4. Goes to mitochondria to break down further (K.C. & E.T.C) - Aerobic process |
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Is Glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic? |
Anaerobic ➡ w/o O2 |
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Pyruvic acid leads to... |
Build up of lactic acid - Lactic acid leads to acidosis - ⬇pH levels - acid will denature proteins |
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Amino Acid ➡ _______ ➡ _________ |
AA ➡ Protein ➡ Fat (Adipose) - converts to fat by liver - no stored form of energy for proteins |
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Glucose ➡ ________ ➡ __________ |
Glucose ➡➡ cell ➡ 1, 2, 3 blood 1. Used for energy 2. Stored glycogen 3. Extra is stored as adipose |
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Kreb's Cycle |
- Takes place in mitochondria - Pyruvic acid starts as 3 carbon compound - Will be decarboxylated because can only process 2 carbon compound Decarboxination ➡ break down 1 carbon at a time - Now converted to Acetyl CoA & a 2 carbon compound & can enter Kreb's Cycle - will lose energy & heat Leftover energy (electrons) go to the Electron Trabsport Chain |
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Electron Transport Chain |
- In mitochondria - harvest electrons & transport Octet Rule ➡ Can not leave electrons exposed Terminal Electron Receptor ➡ O2 accepts the electrons - Produces 5 products |
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Cori Cycle |
Converts lactic acid back to glucose |
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What are the end products of metabolism? |
1. CO2 2. ATP 3. Water 4. Glucose 5. Heat for thermoregulation |
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Of the 3 (protein, carb, fat) _________ is unlimited |
Fat |
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What are the 4 types of lipoproteins? |
1. Chylomicron (Richest) 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL |
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Fat can only enter blood when... |
It is bonded to lipoprotein
Fat is insoluable in water and blood is mainly soluable |
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Lipoprotein Processing |
1. Absorb fat from diet 2. In lymph converted to lipoprotein 3. Now Chylomicron 4. Chylomicron goes to blood 5. Lipoprotein lipase strips triglycerides 6. Triglycerides stored as adipose 7. Goes to liver 8. Becomes VLDL 9. Stripped of triglycerides again 10. Back to liver 11. Becomes LDL ➡ bad cholesterol 12. Cholesterol circulating in blood 13. Liver produces HDL empty shell 14. HDL picks up good cholesterol from LDL to deliver to liver Cholesterol is used for hormones, make bile, vitamins etc. |
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What happens if there is liver failure? |
Fat stops - Fat can't be processed & builds up Liver is important for stored glycogen |
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Where is glycogen stored? |
Muscles & liver - Glycogen in muscles is only for muscles |
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What does it mean when BMI is high? |
BMI = WEIGHT / HEIGHT - Too much fat is being stored by carbs, fat, and protein - at risk of cardiovascular |
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What is produced in both Kreb's Cycle & Electron Transport Chain? |
ATP |
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What is cholesterol used for? |
- Hormones - Bile - Converts fructose to glucose |
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Why do we want high HDL? |
- LDL carries a lot of bad cholesterol - Fat can settle & trigger intrinsic factor |
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Lipid Metabolism: Beta Oxidation |
Alpha then Beta then break into Acetyl CoA
Problem w/ Beta Oxidation: - can only process one at a time - while waiting, a chance that 2 can bond (4 carbon compound) - known as ketone bodies - may go into ketosis |
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Ketone Bodies |
- So many ACH that have to wait for Kreb's Cycle - May create bonds |
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________ will always be used when entering blood |
Amino Acid - Nothing is saved to the side |
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Protein Metabolism: Deamination |
- Takes place in liver Before entering Kreb's Cycle, must break down amino group - this produces ammonia |
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Ammonia |
Converted by liver to urea & sends to kidney to get rid of - excreted in urine |
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Protein Metabolism |
Protein ➡ GI ➡ AA ➡ enters simple columnar ⬇ Diffuse in blood |
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Nervous System & RBCs depend on what? |
Glucose |
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Uric Acid |
Can cause nervous problems - drink water to prevent kidney stones because urea can settle |
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What's the only way to burn fat? |
Aerobic Exercise |
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Absorptive vs Postabsorptive |
Absorptive ➡ Eating - Hormone ➡ Insulin
Postabsorptive ➡ in between meals - Hormone ➡ Glucagon |
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Hypoglycemia |
- Low glucose - Nervous system will show symptoms - Neurons don't store sugar |
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Alcohol |
- Not a nutrient, it is toxic - Fatty liver - Liver converts alcohol to fat - Liver needs O2 - Alcohol depresses medulla, decreases breathing rate |
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Homeostasis of _________ is key |
Temperature - Hypothalamus regulates this |
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Hypothermia |
⬇ HR ⬇ Body Temperature - Slow down until everything stops
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Hyperthermia |
- Exhaust all energy, run out of nutrients - Metabolism ⬆ causing seizures - Heat stroke |
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If the liver and muscle storage is not unlimited, where does the energy go? |
Once liver and muscles are filled, anything extra will be stored as FAT |
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Once nutrients enter a cell, they land in... |
The cytoplasm |
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True or False: Once glucose is broken down in the body it is forever lost |
True Broken down into Water, CO2, Energy etc. |
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Glycolysis |
- Anaerobic (no O2) - Takes place in cytosol - Product ➡ pyruvic acid |
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Pyruvic acid leaves blood and becomes what? |
Lactic acid |
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Mitochondria can only process what compound? |
Acetyl CoA -must convert glucose, fat, amino acid to this in order to burn |
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Carbon dioxide is the stimulus for what? |
Breathing - its not O2 |
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All lipoproteins are _______ in water All lipids are _______ in water |
1. Soluble 2. Insoluble
- converting lipid to lipoprotein becomes soluable in water (blood) |
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What is the only organ that prefers fat? |
Heart |
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What organ prefers sugar? |
Brain |
