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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
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dimensions of prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
prokaryotes: 1 micrometer eukaryotes: 30 micrometers comparison: 30x smaller |
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surface area of prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
prokaryotes: 6 micrometers ^2
eukaryotes: 5,400 micrometers ^2 comparison: 900x smaller |
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volume of prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
prokaryotes: 1 micrometer cubed
eukaryotes: 27,000 micrometers cubed comparison: 27,000x smaller |
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surface to volume ratio of prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
prokaryotes: 6 micrometers ^-1 eukaryotes: 0.2 micrometers^1 comparison: 30x LARGER |
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surface to volume ratio reflects |
efficiency for utilizing nutrients, which affects transport and metabolism |
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What structures are common to all bacterial cells |
cell membrane cytoplasm ribosomes one (or a few) chromosomes |
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what structures are found in most bacterial cells
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cell wall surface coating or glycocalyx |
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what structures are found in some bacterial cells
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Flagella Pili Fimbrae (spiky, sticky) Capsules (tight glycocalyx) Slimelayers (loose glycocalyx) inclusions actin-like cytoskeleton endospores |
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Plasmid DNa is transmitted by |
Pili, across domains |
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A coating of layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. It may fit tightly or be very loose and diffuse |
Glycocalyx (pink coating) |
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Composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA direct all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins |
Bacterial chromosome, or nucleoid |
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Double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes, like antibiotic resistant genes, is nonessential for life |
plasmid |
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an elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells |
pilus (pili) |
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tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis |
ribosomes |
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long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell |
actin-like cytoskeleton |
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specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filane.t The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility. |
Flagellum |
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attack to host cells, fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces |
fimbriae |
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stores nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals of particles that can be tapped into when needed |
inclusion/granule |
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a semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell |
cell wall |
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a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool |
cell (cytoplasmic) membrane |
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extra, second membrane similar to cell membrane but also containing lipopoly saccharide. Controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released. |
outer membrane |
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dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions |
endospore |
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water based solution filling the entire cell |
cytoplasm |
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What are cell extensions, not present on all species, provide motility (flagella for swimming) and axial filaments (for internal rotation) can be used for attachment (fimbriae) and mating (pili) |
appendages |
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what part splits around in flagella |
filament |
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3 parts of flagella |
filament, hook (sheath), and basal body |
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monotrichous |
single flagellum |
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lophotrichous |
small bundle of flagella emerging from same site |
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peritrichous |
dispersed randomly all over structure of cell |
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amphitrichous |
one flagellum at each end |
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RPM of flagella |
40,000 RPM |
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which part can change directions when swimming |
the hook |
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what mediates swimming motility |
flagellar function |
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what is the movement towards (positive) or negative (Away) from a chemical stimulus, like smelling, with chemical receptors |
chemotaxis |
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what is movement toward or away from light |
phototaxis |
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in bacterial motility, spinning counter clockwise is runs or tumbles? |
runs |
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tumbles help |
recharge motor |
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what forces the movement of bacterial motility |
the gradient of attractant concentration |
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the flagella of spirochetes have __ filaments, located in the, causing the bacteria to __, so it can move through __
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axial, periplasm, corkscrew, viscous media (connective tissue |
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what bacteria are spirochetes |
lyme disease, syphillus, bovellia |
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what is one the the main causes of UTIs |
E. coli |
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what type of flagellar arrangment has appendages at both poles of a rod shaped cell |
amphitrichous |
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The glycocalyx consists of |
polysaccharides |
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if the plate looks rough, is it capsule or not capsule |
not capsule |
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if the plate is thick and mucoid, it is a |
capsule |
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klempsiella morphelliae is |
a capsule |
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what is formed by many pathogenic bacteria, protects the bacteria against phagocytes, is imporant in formation of biolims, are functions of the |
glycocalyx |
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what can prevent/inhibit phagocytosis, and act as a disguise |
capsules |
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t/f majority of bacteria have a cell envelope that lies outside of the cytoplasm |
true |
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what are the two or three basic layers of bacteria |
cell wall, (most bacteria) cell membrane (all cells have it) outer membrane as part of the envelope (some bacteria) |
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firmicutes is |
gram positive |
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how many layers does gram positive have |
2, thick. |
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gracilicutues, proteobacteria |
gram negative |
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how many layers for gram negative |
three, thin cell wall, 2 full in tact lipid bilayer |
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outermostlayer of gram positive |
peptidoglycan |
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examples of gram positive |
basilis strep A. |
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where is peptidoglycan in gram negative |
middle, |
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examples of gram negative |
e.coli psuedonomis klempsiella |
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helps determine shape of bacterum, provides strong structural support and osmotic protection, and most are rigid because of peptidoglycan content, the strength of reinforced concrete or "titanium sweater" are functions of the |
structure of a cell wall
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the peptidogylcan can be seen as a __ network, it contains alternating strans of Glycans and Murmamic acid, |
cross criss |
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NAM = , NAG, = |
M, G |
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what are connected by peptide cross links |
NAM |
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only human proteins have |
L amino acids |
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the interbridge is the |
peptide, (amino acid) |
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what may lack interbridges entirely |
gram negative |
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What linkage provides rigid yet flexible support to the cell and that may be targeted by drugs like penicillin |
the interpridge of glycines |
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The disaccharide (peptidoglycan) is made of |
NAG, NAM |
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the peptide chain is made up of |
D- amino acids Di- amino acids |
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which amino acid is unique to bacteria |
D- amino acid |
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which 2 amine grous (L-Lysine_mediates the lining |
di-amino acid |
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gram + or -, which has a homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan |
positive |
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Gram + or -, which contains tightly bound acidic polysaccharides called Teichoic acids |
postiive
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+ or -, which is 80x thinner |
negative |
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+ or -, which has a periplasmic space surrounding the peptidoglycan |
negative |
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t/f, teichoic acid only in gram positve |
true |
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which acid rises from the cell membrane |
lipotechoic acid |
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what is unique to gram -, without the outer membrane would fall away? |
lipoproteins |
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what is unique to gram -, stimulates immune response? |
lipopolysaccharides |
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what is unique to gram -, big access channels |
porin proteins |
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gram + or -, which can be more resistant to large molecules like antibiotics |
gram - |