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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The word Microorganism derived from what language and what does it mean? |
Greek. Mikros : small Organismos : organism |
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Definition of Microorganism: Microscopic organism which includes either a ________ (_____) or _________ (____________) Is this literal definition applicable to everything? |
single cell, unicellular, group of identical cells, non differentiated Note: Virus + Protozoans do not fit this definition. Hence, not everything fits literal definition. |
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"Micro" .. Organism Rotifer, Atom, Bacteria, Ant, Protein, Virus, Animal + Plant Cell, Amino Acid, Chloroplast Are all of these Microorganisms? Order of Magnitude? |
Atom, Amino Acid, Protein, Virus, Chloroplast, Bacteria, Animal + Plant Cell & Rotifer, Ant - Virus is not a MO - Plant + Animal Cell not MO (part of larger organism) - Rotifer not MO (many differentiated cells) - Ant is not MO (visible to naked human eye) |
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Of the following: Rotifer, Atom, Bacteria, Ant, Protein, Virus, Animal + Plant Cell, Amino Acid, Chloroplast What can be viewed from Electron Microscope? Human Eye? Optical Microscope? |
Electron Microscope: Atom, AA, Protein, Virus, Chloroplast, Bacteria, Plant + Animal Cell & Rotifer Optical Microscope: Chloroplast, Bacteria, Plant + Animal cell & Rotifer Human Eye: Ant |
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Micro .. "Organism" - Is Living (Has a _______) - Can live _________ Is a Liver cell a microorganism? Is a Obligate parasite a microorganism? |
Metabolism, Independently Liver Cell: No. It is part of a larger unit. Obligate Parasite: Exception. It cannot function without host but lives independently inside the host (i.e tapeworm). |
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Properties of Life - Are composed of _____
- React to their _____________ (React to temperature change) - Can feed –Can obtain and use ______ –Maintain an internal ________ –Can grow and reproduce - Are subject to evolutionary adaptations ( Has to ensure survival of ______.______ more important than individual) |
cells, environment, energy, equilibrium, species |
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Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic in terms of Nuclear Membrane, Organelles, Cell Division, DNA Molecule |
Euk: Nuclear Membrane + Nucleus Organelles Cell Division (mitotic) Multiple DNA molecules Pro: No Nuclear Membrane + Nucleiod No organelles No mitotic division -> Binary Fission. Single DNA molecule |
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Anabolism vs. Catabolism |
Anabolism: Macromolecular synthesis Construction Catabolism: Macromolecular degradation Destruction |
Feeding |
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•The ____ attempts to maintaina constant internal environment–Ex.pH, solute concentration, osmotic pressure, temperature, etc. •The______ attempts to maintain a constant internal environment Ex. Homeostasis |
cell, organism |
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Reproduction Ability for any organism to generate another organism such as itself Unicellular vs. Multicellular (give example) |
Unicellular: Such as Bacteria ; simply divide in two Ex: Binary fission Multicellular: Often the result of the union of two different cells fromdifferent individuals Ex. Sperm + ovum |
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Evolutionary Adaptation Organismsacquire changes which are transmitted to future generations allowing them tobetter respond to their environment Changesare made at what level? Maintainingthese changes depends on? Give Example |
Level of genome, selective pressure Ex: Antibiotic Resistance |
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Believed that Living Creatures are created from Non Living Matter
Life is not required to create Life |
Aristotle |
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Believed Life Occurred spontaneously from consequence of Non-living things (i.e meat rotting -> flies appear ) SG: Life occurs spontaneously by transforming appropriate ingredients |
Aristotle |
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"recipe" experiment. Wheat + Fermented underwear = Mice Concluded that Lifecan be (but not only) created from inertmaterials Lifecreated spontaneously can also propagatelife |
Jan Baptista Van Helmont |
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First to Challenge Theory of SG Did not disprove SG. Concluded that SG occurs for "simple" things we do not see but not for big things. Experiment: 1. Open jar + meat -> flies come in -> maggots 2. Screened jar + meat -> flies out -> no maggots-> no SG |
Francesco Redi |
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1st to observe MO (microscope)1st to describe bacteria&protists |
A. Van Leeuwenhoek |
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What are animalcules |
Life invisible to naked eye, observed through microscope Responsible for rotting MO Defined by A. Van Leeuwenhoek |
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Needham vs. Spallanzani H Hypothesis? Experiment? Conclusion? |
Hypothesis: N: SG causes living organisms to appear in brothDo not need life to create life S: Microbes present in air and fall into appropriate mediums-> MO Experiment: 1. Took broth, heated it tokill anything present prior. After cooled, waited # days, and observed growth C: Both correct 2.Sealed flask, repeatedStep 1. If sealed, anything in airwould not reach broth anymore. Observed no growth after # days. C: Spallanzani correct 3. Sealedflask, heat flask, no growth, open flask, growth appears. C: Needham correct Overall Conclusion: We can not conclude. Debatable. |
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Who came up with Germ Theory, DisprovedSG did not occur and need life to generate life. First to propose that germs were responsible for disease |
Louis Pasteur |
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What is Pasteurization |
Apply heat to destroy pathogens (in food). |
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What is Miasma |
belief of bad seeds in air, bad smell miasma cause disease (Associating MO tobad smell) |
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Who is the Father of Antisepsis? Believed that if destroyed bad smell when using chemical = destroyed disease/infection Eventually lead to sterile surgeries |
Lister |
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What are colonies? What medium is deal for growth? Who is founder? |
Coloniesare pure cultures arising from single cells of different bacteria since acolony spread repeatedly generates identical colonies Agar is ideal for growth. Agar is polysaccharide derived from algae, remains solid at room temperature, melts at boiling point and is not digested by most bacteria. Robert Koch |
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Who Discovered Human Pathogens? Anthrax, TB, cholera |
Robert Koch |
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Koch's Postulates 1. TheMO must be ______ in each case of disease, but _____ from healthy individuals 2.Thesuspected MO must be grown as a __________ 3. Thedisease must occur when the isolated MO is _______ in a healthyindividual 4. Thesame MO must be isolated again from the _________ ______. |
present,absent,pure culture, inoculated, diseased host |
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CanKoch’s postulates be applied to all microorganisms which cause diseases? |
No. It is hard to find 100% co-re Viruses don't apply to Koch's Postulates ( we can't pure culture them) Some diseases only effect humans and we cannot test on humans. I.e. HIV only in humans. |
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Prontosil is.. |
Antimicrobial agent. Sulfanilamide is responsible for antimicrobial properties. Dr. Domagk discovered this strain |
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Natural product from fungi that kills bacteria. Discovered by Alexander Fleming |
Penicillin |
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Founder of Vaccine/ Immunization |
Edward Jenner |
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All organisms originate from this common ancestor |
Progenote |
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What is the definition of a Species (microbiology). How are they identified? |
A set of microbial strains that share several characteristics which are significantly different from other strains. Species are identified by being compared to known standard reference strains. |
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What is strain? |
Population of microbes resulting from a unique individual or pure culture. |
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What are the 3 types of strains, what do they distinguish? |
Biotypes: Biochemical or Physiological Difference i.e one produces lactose, other does not. Morphotypes: Morphological Differences i.e visually different strain. men vs women. Serotypes: Antigenic Differences Most common method. Antibodies react to different things on strains |
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Which of the following is incorrect method of naming A) Bacillus subtilis B) B. subtilis C) Bascillus sp. D) Bascillus Subtilis E) Bascillus |
D) |
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What is Serological Testing? What are some advantages? |
Usage of antiserums specific against group of organisms Antiserum contains proteins (antibodies which are specific and react with antigen of MO) Advantages: Very specific Does not require pure culture Identify MO that cannot be grown in lab Method of Choice for Medical Diagnosis - fast & specific |
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