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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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defenses that are present at birth, always present, available to provide rapid responses. Skin, mucous, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances, early- warning systems
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Innate
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_____ immunity is based on a specific response to a specific microbe; slower response
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Adaptive
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Protein receptors in the plasma membrane of defense cells trigger the....
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Innate System
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the host attach to pathogen components called...
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pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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TLRs induce defense cells to release chemicals called...
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cytokines
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regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses. Recruit defensive cells, and can be involved in the adaptive immunity are called:
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cytokines
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The four Physical Factors of the 1st Line of Defense are...
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Epidermis
Dermis Keratin Skin Remember KEDS |
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_________ can hydrolyze keratin when water is available
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fungi
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______ are most likely to cause subcutaneous infections, they inhabit the epidermis, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands
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Staphylococci
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Consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. Important component in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tract.
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Mucous Memberane
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______ is the secretion- thick or viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells
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Mucous
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_____ Protects the eyes via the lacrimal apparatus, prevents microorganisms from settling on the surface of the eye
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Tears
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______ helps dilute the microorganisms and wash them away, prevents colonization of microbes
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Saliva
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In the______, mucus coats the hairs that can filter and trap microorganisms
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Nose
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The____ _____ ____ has cilia covered in mucus
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lower respiratory tract
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The ______ _____ propels any dust or microbes trapped toward the throat
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ciliary escalator
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The ______ is a lid of cartilage covering your _____ preventing microorganism from entering the _____ _____ _____.
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epiglottis,larynx, lower respiratory tract
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_____ ______ and _____ expel micoorganisms from the body.
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Perstalsis, defecation, and vomiting
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oily substance produced by sebaceous (oil) glands.
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Sebum
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Sebum consists of ____ ____ ____ which inhibit microbial growth.
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unsaturated fatty acids
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The ____ ____ of the skin is due in part to the fatty and lactic acid
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low pH
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_______ produced by sweat glands, maintains the body ______, eliminates some waste, flushes microorganisms from the skin. Contains _______, which mainly breaks down Gram “_” bacteria.
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Perspiration, temperature, lysozymes, +
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Saliva contains salivary (6 chemicals)
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amylase, lysozymes, urea, uric acid, IgA, and an acidic pH.
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Vaginal secretions- ______is broken down to create an acidic environment
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glycogen
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_______- contains lysozyme, acidic pH
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Urine
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_____ ______ produced by glands in the stomach, composed of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, mucus.
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Gastric Juices
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Gastric Juices produced by glands in the stomach, composed of _____, _____ and ______.
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hydrochloric acid, enzymes, mucus.
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Second line of defense consist of three aspects:
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formed elements in blood, the lymphatic system ad phagocytes.
Remember FLiP |
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The following 3 agranulocytes' granules can't be seen under a light microscope:
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Monocytes
Dendritic cells Lymphocytes |
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____ not actively phagocytic until they leave the blood and enter the tissues, then mature into macrophages.
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monocytes
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_______ dispose of microorganisms and worn out blood cells
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Macrophages
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Dendritic Cells are abundant in these four areas.
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epidermis, mucous membranes, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Remember MELT |
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Dendritic Cells can also trigger the ______ immunity response.
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adaptive
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Natural killer (NK) cells are found in these four areas.
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blood, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
Just remember: I Really Love Biology Science. |
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A granule protein that makes holes in the target cell’s plasma membrane
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Perforin
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_______ is when extra fluid flows in through the holes of the plasma membrane, so that the cell swells and bursts
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Cytolysis
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NK can release granzymes, enzymes that _____ protein, which causes the target cell to self-_____ … essentially breaking down the infected cells
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digest, destruct
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During an infection, white blood cell counts increase- called:
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leukocytosis
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PMN stands for:
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polymorphonuclear
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stains pale lilac, highly phagocytic and motile, very active when the infection begins, they have the ability to leave the blood
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Neutrophils
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stains blue- purple, releases histamine
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Basophils
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There are_____ or ____ in the lymph vessels, where T and B cells are activated, microbes are trapped and destroyed
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intervals or nodes
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When lymph goes into the veins it is then called
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plasma
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Aggregations of lymphoid tissues are found on the ____ and ____(small intestines)
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tonsils and Peyer’s patch
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The spleen contains____ and ___ to monitor the blood
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lymphocytes and macrophages
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The thymus contains ____ and ____, but is the place for __ cell maturation
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dendritic cells and macrophages; T
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_______ is the ingestion of a microorganism or other substances by a cell
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Phagocytosis
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When an infection occurs, ____cytes and ____cytes migrate to the area
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granulocytes and monocytes
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______ macrophages are located in selected tissues and are part of the _____ ______ ______.
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fixed; mononuclear phagocytic system
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mononuclear phagocytic system is also known as:
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reticuloendothelial
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_____philes initially are in high numbers during infection
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Neutrophiles
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_____ is a coating used to enhance phagocytosis
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opsonins
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In chemotaxis and adherence- chemicals attract the phagocytes by ____ and _____
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PAMPs and TLRs
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7 steps of phagocytosis in order is:
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1-chemotaxis and adherence
2-Ingestion 3-Formation of phagosome 4- phagolysosome 5-digestion 6-Formation of residual body 7- Discharge of waste |
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Redness, pain, heat, swelling, sometimes loss of function is part of ______ and is a component of the ____ line of defense
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inflammation, 2nd
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_____ causes the liver to make acute- phase proteins, which then causes a cascade of local and systemic responses
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TNF-α
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Excess TNF- α can backfire, causing
_____ and _____ |
arthritis and Crohns disease
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Microbial structures or bacterial DNA will trigger TLRs to produce _____, such as TNF-α.
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cytokines
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Pattern on bacteria to Identify infection is:
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PAMPs
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PAMPs stands for:
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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
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5 chemicals are released from the damaged cells creating vasodilation are:
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histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines
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when phagocytes stick to the endothelium of blood vessels it is called:
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margination
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Phagocytes squeezing through the blood vessels to reach the injury site is called:
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diapedesis
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To repair tissues, the _____(support) and _______(functional) must produce new cells
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stroma ,parenchyma
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_____ is part of the ____line of defense
Abnormally high temperature, caused by bacteria, their toxins, or viruses |
fever, 2nd
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the ______ is the body’s thermostat, can be reset to a higher temperature by prostaglandins released by cytokines
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Hypothalamus-
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Setting your “thermostat” higher causes _______, _______ and ______.
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shivering, increased metabolism, constricted blood vessels
Remember CIS. (pronounced kiss) |
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As body temperature falls, this phase is called _____
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crisis
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The _________ defensive system consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and circulating in the blood serum and within tissues
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Complement System
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The Complement System- defensive system consisting of over ___ proteins produced by the liver and circulating in the blood serum and within tissues
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30
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The Complement System- defensive system consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the _____, _____ and _____.
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liver, circulating in the blood serum and within tissues
Remember TLC |
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the complement system is part of the ____and ____ immune system
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innate and adaptive
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the complement system can destroy microbes by 3 ways :
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cytolysis, inflammation, phagocytosis
Remember: PIC |
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The four Iron binding proteins are:
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Transferrin- blood and tissue fluids
Lactoferrin- milk, saliva, mucus Ferritin- liver, spleen, red bone marrow Hemoglobin- red blood cells |
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AMPs stands for:
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Antimicrobial Peptides
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AMPs form ____ in the microbes plasma membrane, lysing the cell, damaging its nucleic acids
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pores
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The four AMPs produced by humans are:
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dermcidin- sweat
cathelicidins and defensins- neutrophiles, macrophages and epithelium thrombocidin-platelets |
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______ can attach to components of the immune system, enhancing the attack on foreign organisms and are short peptides, 12 to 50 amino acids
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AMPs
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The classical pathway of complement activation is initiated by an ______ - _______ reaction. The splitting of C3 into C3a and C3b stars a cascade that results in _______, ________, _______.
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antibody-antigen; cytolysis, inflammation and opsonization.
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When C3 splits. C3b induces ______ and ______. White C3a induces ________.
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opsonization, cytolysis; inflammation.
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The alternative pathway of complement activation in initiated by contact between certain complement proteins (_____ and factors ___, ____, ____) and a pathogen.
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C3 and factors B, D, P.
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In the alternative pathway of complement activation, there are no _____ involved.
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antibodies
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In the lectin pathway of complement activation, ______-binding lectin binds to ______ on the surface of microbes.
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mannose, mannose
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In the alternative pathway of complement activation the microbe has ______- _______ _______ on the surface which attracts factors B, D, P.
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Lipid-carbohydrate complex
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The infecting virus also induces the host cell to produce interferon _____, which is translated into alpha and beta interferons.
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mRNA
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Interferons released by the virus-infected host cell bind to ______ or _____ receptors on uninfected neighboring host cells, induces them to synthesize _____ _____.
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plasma membrane, nuclear membrane; antiviral proteins.
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_______ degrade viral _______ and inhibit protein synthesis--- and thus interfere with viral replication.
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AVPs, mRNA
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