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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are pathogens?
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disease-causinig microorganisms
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What is pathology?
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scientific study of disease (includes etiology and pathogenesis)
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What is etiology?
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The study of the cause of the disease
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What is pathogenesis?
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The manner in which a disease develops
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What is infection?
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The invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms.
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What is disease?
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Occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health (ie AIDS= disease HIV= infection)
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What are the microorganisms that normally reside in the human body, but do not produce disease under normal conditions?
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Normal microbiota
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What vaginal microbiota do new borns aquire that aids in milk digestion and reduces colonization by pathogens?
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Lactobacillus
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What are the 9 microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing normally on the skin?
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Proprionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Pityrosporum (fungus), Candida (fungus), and Malassezia (fungus)
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What are the 7 microorganisms listed in ch14 as residing normally on the conjunctiva?
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S. epidermidis, S. aureus, diptheroids, Propionbacterium, Corynebacterium, streptococci, Micrococcus
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What are the three microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing in the nose?
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S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and aerobic diphtheroids
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What are the six microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing in the throat?
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S. epidermidis, S. aureus, diptheroids, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, and Neisseria
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What are the 12 microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing in the mouth?
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Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Veillonella, Neisseria, Haemophilis, Fusobacterium, Treponema, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Candida (fungus)
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What are the 11 microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing in the large intestine?
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E. coli, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Candida (fungus)
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What are the 9 microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing in the urethra?
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Saphylococcus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, aerobic diphtheroids, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Proteus
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What are the 5 microorganisms listed in ch 14 as residing in the vagina?
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lactobacilli, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Candida albicans (fungus), and Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan)
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Cornynebacterium spp living on the skin is an example of which type of relationship between a host and the microbe?
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Commensalism
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Lactobacillus creating an acidic ph level in the vagina is an example of which type of relationship between a host and the microbe?
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Mutualism
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E. coli producing bacteriocin in the gi tract is an example of which type of relationship between a host and the microbe?
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Mutualism
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When a microbe causes disease within a host, which type of relationship is this between a host and the microbe?
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Parasitism
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What are microorganisms called that do not cause disease in a healthy person and in their normal habitat?
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Opportunistic pathogens
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What is an example of an opportunistic pathogen that resides in the upper respiratory tract of many healthy individuals but also causes community acquired pneumonia?
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Streptococcus pneumonia
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What is a normally nonpathogenic bateria that can be introduced to the sterile area of the bladder to cause a bladder infection:?
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E. coli
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What are experienced by the patient but not outwardly visible?
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Symptoms
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What are outwardly visible and can be measured or observed?
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Signs
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What is a specific group of symptoms or signs that accompany a particular disease?
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Syndrome
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What describes an infection's ability to be spread from one host to another (directly or indirectly)?
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Communicable
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What word describes how easily an infection is spread from one host to another?
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Contagious
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What word describes an infectious disease that is not capable of being spread from one person to another?
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Non-communicable
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What word describes the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period, indicating the spread of the disease?
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Incidence
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What word describes the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared - takes into account both **new and old cases** - indicates how seriously and how long a disease affects a population
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Prevalence
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What word describes a disease constantly present in a **population**?
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Endemic
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What word describes a disease that many people in a given **area** acquire in a relatively short time period?
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Epidemic
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What word describes a disease that occurs worldwide?
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Pandemic
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What word describes an infection that develops rapidly but lasts a short time?
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Acute
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What word describes an infection that develops more slowly, the reaction many be less sever, and is likely to be continual or recurrent for long periods?
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Chronic (ie TB or HBV)
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What word describes an infection that is intermediate between acute and chronic?
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Subacute
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What word describes an infection that the causative agent remains inactive for a long time but then becomes active?
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Latent (ie shingles)
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What term describes a high number of immune individuals in a population that limits the spread of the disease?
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Herd immunity
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What term describes an infection limited to a small area of the body (boils or abcesses)?
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Local infection
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What term describes an infection that arises from infections originally present in another part of the body?
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Focal infection
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What words describe an infection in which the microbes or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph?
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Systemic or generalized
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What term describes an acute infection that causes the initial illness?
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Primary infection
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What term describes an infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses?
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Secondary infection (ie streptococcal pneumonia after the flu)
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Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) test
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mastication muscles by palpating temporal and masseter muscles as pt clenches teeth.
Check sensory function by light touch (cotton ball) |
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What term describes when the pathogen is transmitted from reservoir to susceptible host, the pathogen invades the host, multiples, and injures the host?
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Sequence of events
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What term describes something that makes the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of disease?
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Predisposing factors (ie gender, genetics, environment, nutrition, lifestyle, occupation, hygiene, age, stress, immunocompromised, pre-existing illness)
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What term describes the time between an infection and appearance of symptoms that depends on species, virulences, dose, and host resistance?
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Incubation period
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What term describes the time when mild symptoms such as malaise occur within the host?
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Prodromal period
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What term describes the time when overt symptoms occur and the patient either lives or dies?
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Period of illness
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What term describes the time when signs and symptoms subside and the host may be vulnerable to secondary infection?
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Period of decline
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What term describes the time when the host returns to a predisease state?
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Period of convalescence (sometimes can still be a carrier during this stage)
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What is the best stage to treat the host during an infection?
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Period of illness
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What word describes a living or non-living thing that provides a pathogen with a place to survive until another host is infected?
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Reservoir
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What are human reservoirs called?
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Carriers?
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What serves as reservoirs for zoonotic infections of humans?
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animals
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Soil, water, and food are considered what in terms of the transmission of disease?
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Non-living reservoirs
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What are non-living objects that called that can transmit disease?
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Fomites
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What kind of transmission is discharges less than 1m?
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Droplet transmission (ie influenza, penumonia, and pertussis)
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What kind of transmission do cholera, shingellosis, and leptospirosis travel by?
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Waterborne (sewage contamination)
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What kind of transmission do tapeworms travel by?
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Foodborne
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What kind of transmission is discharges greater than 1m?
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Airborne (staphylococcus, streptococcus, cocciciodomycosis, and blastomycosis)
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What word describes animals that carry pathogens from one host to another?
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Vectors
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What word describes the transmission that occurs when flies land on feces and carry the fecal microbe to a new host?
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Mechanical (transmission)
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What term describes the transmission that occurs when a pathogen spends part of its life cycle in the vector?
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Biological transmission
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What term describes the transfer of a nosocomial infection from hospital staff to patient or from patient to patient?
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direct contact transmission
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What term describes the transfer of a nosocomial infection through fomites?
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Indirect contact transmission (can include diagnostic and therapeutic instruments)
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What term describes the transfer of nosocomial infection through the hospital ventilation system?
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Vehicle transmission/ Airborne
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What are infections called that are new or changing in incidence?
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Emerging infectious diseases
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What word describes the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations?
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Epidemiology
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What term describes a procedure that requires health care workers to report specified disease to local, state, and noational health officials?
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Case reporting
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What kind of diseases are physicians required by law to report and to whom do the report them to?
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Notifiable diseases; US Public Health Service
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What is the incidence of a specific notifiable disease called?
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morbidity
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What is the number of deaths from a disease called?
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Mortality
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In what report does the CDC report the incidence and number of deaths from specific diseases?
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MMWR or Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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What is the microorganism that is the most common cause of sepsis and causes 25% of total infections?
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Coagulase-negative staphylococci
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What microbe is the most frequent cause of pneumonia?
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S. aureus
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What microbe is the most common cause of surgical wound infections?
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Enterococcus
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What microbe causes half of all nosocomial diarrhea?
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Clostridium difficile
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What is the most common nosocomial infection?
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UTI that is usually caused by catheterization
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What is the second most common nosocomial infection?
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Surgical site infections
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What is the third most common nosocomial infection?
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Lower respiratory tract infection
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