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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the Building Blocks of Molecules? |
Atoms
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Choose.
Neutrons are -positive -negative -neutral |
Neutral
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Choose.
Electrons are -Positive -Negative -Neutral |
Negative
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Choose.
Protons are -Positive -Negative -Neutral |
Positive
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Atoms are made up of?
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Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
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True or False.
Atoms carry charge. |
Flase
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What do elements contain?
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Each element contains characteristic number of protons and electrons- position in the table
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What are biologically important Atoms?
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Hydrogen H, Magnesium Mg, Carbon C, Nitrogen N, Oxygen O, Sodium Na, Potassium K, Calcium Ca, Phospherous P, Sulfur S, Chlorine Cl
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What are Isotopes?
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•Have different number of neutrons; same physical properties *physically the same, but chemically different
•Have unstable nuclei - emit energy – radioactivity |
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What are Isotopes significance in Biology?
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•Tracing atoms and molecules in metabolic reactions
•Diagnostic purposes •Sterilization (gamma irradiation) |
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Fill in the blanks.
Electrons fill in the orbitals and shells in_____ starting with the shell nearest the nucleus. |
pairs
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How do electrons rotate around the nucleus?
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In orbitals (pathways)
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Low level energy electrons are where?
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Nearest the nucleus
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Fill in the blanks.
1. 1st shell contains one orbital and a maximum of ___ electrons. 2. 2nd shell contains 4 orbitals and up to ___ electrons. 3. 3rd shell has 9 orbitals and can hold up to ___ electrons. 4. The 4th shell has 16 orbitals and ___ electrons. |
1. 2
2. 8 3. 18 4. 32 |
x2
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How are Molecules formed?
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•Two or more atoms combined form a molecule
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How are compounds formed?
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•Compounds are formed when atoms share, donate, or lose electrons
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What is valence?
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•Number of electron in the outer shell.
•*Valence* Determines the readiness of an element to react with other element What makes them stable is filling up the last orbital fully like if it’s the second orbital it needs to share with others to make it have 8 … it bonds with others… carbon can have 4 bonds |
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What is a covalent bond?
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•Bonds between atoms that share electrons
•Electrons are not shared equally - change of polarity They don’t take or donate, they share it |
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what is an Ionic bond?
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•Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
•When valences complement each other Ex. -NaCl If the help each other out |
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What is Ionization?
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•Disassociation of molecules (atoms) into charged particles:
Cations (+) Anions (-) •When added to water crystals of NaCl get ionized - Na + Cl- |
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What is an electrolyte?
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conduct electricity: acids, bases, salts
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Choose.
Hydrophilip molecules ______ water. - attract - Repel |
Attract
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Hydrophobic molecules____water.
- attract - Repel |
Repel
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Choose.
Hydrophilic: Polar or nonpolar? |
Polar
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Choose.
Hydrophobic: Polar or nonpolar? |
Nonpolar
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What is a Hydrogen bond?
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•Attractive forces between nearby molecules
*one of the weakest kinds of bonds |
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How are Hydrogen bonds represented?
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Dotted lines
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Give examples of Hydrogen bonds.
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Ex. Water molecules; proteins and DNA
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What are chemical formulas?
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• Atomic symbols and number of atoms in a molecule: H2O
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True or False.
Chemical formulas do not provide position of bonds between atoms. |
True
but they show how many, they show the structure Ex. C6H12O₆ - Glucose and Fructose |
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Give an example of a reaction.
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2H₂ + O2 -> 2H 2 O
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Complete the sentence.
In synthesis reactions the equations must be __________. |
Balanced.
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What happens in decomposition reactions?
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Larger molecule is broken up in two smaller units
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What is a solution?
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• Mixture of substances (solute - solid, gaseous, liquid) in the solvent (liquid)
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What is the common solvent?
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• Water is the most common solvent
*hydrophilic molecules dissolve into water because they are weak and hydrophilic molecules do not* |
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What is the pH?
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pH is a measure of concentration of H+ and OH- ions
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The pH ranges from 0 to?
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14
O most acidic. (Hydrochloric acid) 7 Neutral ( water) 14 most basic ( potassium hydroxide) |
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What are organic compounds?
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Organic (CH₄) -
Complex compounds with C bonded to other atoms |
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what are inorganic compounds?
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Inorganic (do not have C and H combined) NaCl, CaCO₃
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Why is Carbon the fundamental element of life?
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• Carbon is the fundamental element of life - Why?
• Molecular Skeleton- the start of a chemical bond, start of a molecule, it’s like the base and then you start adding stuff • Have 4 electrons in other orbital- can form 4 *different* bonds • Most often forms stable bonds with C, H, O, N, S, and P * Can have single, double, and triple bonds* can have three bonds on one shell, makes it more stable, strength of the bond |
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What are functional groups?
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• Carbon binds to other atoms via molecular groups - functional groups
• Functional groups determine the characteristics of a molecule *Carboxyl, Amino, and Phosphate are important groups in biology • Carbon binds to other atoms via molecular groups - functional groups • Functional groups determine the characteristics of a molecule *Carboxyl, Amino, and Phosphate are important groups in biology |
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what are macromolecules?
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-Smaller molecules (monomers) are assembled into larger compounds - macromolecules (polymers)
*four groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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What are the classes of Carbohydrates?
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• Monosaccharides (glucose)
• Disaccharides (sucrose) • Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch) |
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Important Functional groups?
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Carboxyl
Amino Phosphate |
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What are the classes of lipids?
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- Triglycerides
- Phospolipids - Steroids - Waxes |
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True or false?
Lipids are not soluble in water |
true
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What are the biological significance of Lipids?
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• Storage material (triglycerides)
• Membrane Lipids -Phospolipids *hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion -Cholesterols *Provides support to the cell wall of some bacteria |
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What are the roles of Polysaccharides?
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• Provide structural support
• Nutrient and energy storage • Some examples - Cellulose - Agar - Chitin - Peptidoglycan - Glycocalyx |
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Proteins are composed of what?
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Amino Acids
•Assembled together through peptide bonds |
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What are peptides?
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short chain of amino acids
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What are polypeptides?
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long chains of amino acids
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What are the four structures of proteins?
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-Primary
-Secondary -Tertiary -Quarternery *like spiral, globular, chains |
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What are peptide bonds?
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• Bond between amino group of one AA and carboxyl group of another AA
*Proteins are made up of 20 amino acids* |
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What are nucleotides composed of?
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Sugar
Phosphate Hydrogen bases |
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What is the double helix of DNA?
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*nucleotides put together form the double helix of DNA* Hydrogen bonds ----
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What does ATP contain?
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- Adenine
- Ribose -Three Phosphates • Gives off energy when the bond is broken and one phosphate group removed |
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