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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the three parts of the cardiovascular system?
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Composed of three parts:
-Heart -Blood -Blood vessels -Heart pumps blood into arteries that are connected to veins via capillaries -Arteries carry blood away from the heart -Veins carry blood to the heart |
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What is the lymphatic system?
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-Plasma can leave the blood vessels and circulate in the interstitial space (space between tissue cells).
-Plasma collects metabolic product and carries them to the lymphatic system (it can also pick up the microbes and disseminate the infection). -When inside the lymphatic system, plasma is called – lymph. |
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True or false.
Blood is normally sterile |
TRUE
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What is Endocarditis.
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-Involves inflammation of endocardium and heart valves
-Endocardium- the inner layer of heart muscle |
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List and describe the conditions of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system.
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Bacteremia – presence of bacteria in the blood
-Septicemia – microorganisms are actively multiplying in the blood -Septic shock- condition in which gr- bacteria release the endotoxin (can be caused by antibiotic treatment) -Lymphangitis – infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels |
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What are the two types of Endocarditis?
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-Two types of endocarditis
-Acute -Subacute |
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Describe acute bacterial endocarditis.
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Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
-Staphylococcus aureus is transferred from original infection site to the heart (traumatic injury or surgical procedure) -Colonize heart valves (vegetations) – cardiac malfunction -It causes a rapid destruction of heart valves -If untreated, can be fatal within a few days |
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Describe subacute bacterial endocarditis.
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Subactue bacterial endocarditis
-The disease develops slowly -Bacteria grow on preexisting lesions -If not treated, the disease is fatal within a few months -Caused by a-hemolytic streptococci -The microorganisms enter the blood during the tooth extraction or tonsillectomy. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment |
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What causes the plague ( black death)?
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Caused by Yersinia pestis – Gr- rod shaped bacteria
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Describe the plague.
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-Caused by Yersinia pestis – Gr- rod shaped bacteria
-Normally infects rats (other rodents) -Transmitted by rat flea and airborne droplets -Bacterium enters the blood and lymph where it proliferates -Symptoms: enlargement of lymph nodes in armpit and groins – buboes – bubonic plague. Mortality 50-75% |
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Describe Bubonic plague
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-characterized by enlarged inflamed lymph nodes called buboes
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Describe Pneumonic plague
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occurs when the bacterium spreads to the lungs- mortality 100%
-Treatment: streptomycin, tetracycline. -Vaccine is available *Prevention: through rodent and flea control and good personal hygiene |
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What causes Lyme disease?
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The causative agent is Borrelia burgdorferi – a spirochete
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What are the three phases of Lyme disease?
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Expanding red rash that often resembles a bull’s eye
-Flu-like symptoms, antibiotics effective Neurological symptoms -Heart is effected, facial paralysis, meningitis Severe arthritis: -Months or years later |
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How is Lyme disease transmitted?
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-The vector is the deer tick of the genus lxodes
-Involves two hosts: white tailed deer and white footed mouse -The larva feeds on white-footed mouse – picks up the bacteria -The adult tick lives on deer |
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What is the prevention and treatment of Lyme disease?
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-Prevention: protective clothing
-Treatment: Doxycyclin, penicillin |
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what causes Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono)?
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-Caused by EB (Epstein-Barr) virus
-The virus multiplies in the lymph glands |
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Describe Mono.
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-Caused by EB (Epstein-Barr) virus
-The virus multiplies in the lymph glands -Transmission: Saliva (kissing), drinking vessels -Symptoms: swelling of lymph nodes and spleen, proliferation of special type of lymphocytes, rupture(rapture?) of spleen possible -Recovery in a few weeks -Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms |
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what causes yellow fever?
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Caused by Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos (Aedes aegypti)
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describe yellow fever.
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-Caused by Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos (Aedes aegypti)
-Limited to the tropical areas of Central and South America and Africa. Monkey serve as reservoir -Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting -Yellowing of the skin as result of liver damage -Action: Control of mosquito population |
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describe Ebolia Virus
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Ebolia Virus appeared in Africa
-Reservoir probably in fruit bats -The infection spread by blood and body fluids -The virus lives in the bloodstream – causes capillary fragility -Massive internal and external bleeding -Mortality rate: between 25-100% |
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what causes Brucellosis and how is it transmitted?
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-Caused by Brucella- small, Gr- rod-like bacterium
-Found in cattle, pigs, goats, and camels -Transmitted to humans by unpasteurized milk, by contact with diseased animal |
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Describe how Brucellosis affects the body.
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-The bacterium enters the human body through minute abrasions of the skin or mucous membrane
-Multiplies inside the macrophage, travels through lymphatic system to lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow - Symptom: chills and fever that spikes each evening |
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what is the treatment for brucellosis?
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-Treatment: tetracycline and streptomycine
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what causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and how is transmitted?
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-Caused by bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii
-Transmitted by ticks |
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describe rocky mountrain spotted fever.
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-In the US first detected in Rocky Mountains – Montana
-Most frequent in the Southeast -Symptoms: fever, chills, headaches, muscular pain, spotted rash, hypotension, bleeding -Skin lesion merge, may become necrotic – gangrene -Treatment: doxocycline |
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what causes malaria?
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-Causative agent: protozoan – Plasmodium
-Four plasmodium species cause malaria -P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae -Disease severity depends on the species |
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what are the sings and symptoms of malaria?
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-Cyclic symptoms that correlate with the parasite’s life cycle: Fever and chills recur every two to three days as erythrocytes lyse
-Other symptoms include anemia, fatigue, and jaundice |
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how is malaria diagnosed?
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-Diagnosis
-Blood smear – presence of trophozoites or other Plasmodium stages |
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what is the prevention and treatment of malaria?
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-Treatment
-Standard drug is chloroquine except with drug resistant cases -Usually effective except in severe falciparum cases -Prevention -Limiting contact with mosquitoes -Used of insecticides |
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How is malaria transmitted?
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-Spread by female mosquito – Anopheles
-Sporozoits – asexual phase of plasmodium is injected in to human’s bloodstream -Invade liver cells – develop into merozoits -Enter erythrocytes – burst out -Ingested by another mosquito |
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what causes Anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis
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what is the treatment of anthrax?
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Doxycyline, ciprofloxacin and penicillin
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Why is HIV different than AIDS?
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-HIV – a causative agent
-AIDS – denotes a final stage of infection |
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what are the subtypes of HIV?
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Subtypes of HIV
HIV-1 has 11 clades mostly in the Western World (clades are a subversion of a virus) HIV-2 in Western Africa |
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What does HIV affect
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-Virus specifically infects T-cells (types of white blood cells)
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what are the components of HIV?
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-HIV is a retrovirus, its components are:
-Two strands of RNA -The enzyme reverse transcriptase - Envelope – lipoprotein with spikes –gp120 |
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explain HIV reproduction.
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HIV reproduction
-Virus enters through the mucus membrane -Glycoprotein spikes (gp120) on the virus surface recognize the CD4 receptors on the T cell surface -Co-receptors are also required (chemokin-CCR5) -Virus penetrates the T cell -After uncoating, the reverse transcriptase produces double-stranded DNA -This DNA is now incorporated into host DNA (provirus) – remains latent -Reactivated provirus produces viral mRNA -Synthesis of coat proteins, mature virus is released by budding -New virus particle may not be released – latent virion |
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what are the stages of HIV infection?
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-Category A- Swollen lymph nodes are the only symptoms
-Category B- Yeast infection of mouth, throat, or vagina -Category C – All symptoms of AIDS- yeast infection, tuberculosis, Kaposi’s sarcoma *a form of skin cancer* |
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what is an indicator for AIDS progression?
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-The number of T cells is an indicator of AIDS progression
-Normal number of T cells =800-1000/mm(third power) -Below 200/mm3(to the third power) – AIDS -About 5% of infected persons do not develop symptoms of AIDS (less virulent virus strain or T cells more effective, deletion in CCR5) |