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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are some virus characteristics?
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viruses are nonliving and are activated in the host cell
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what is a bacteriophage?
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a virus that infects bacteria
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What are the parts of the bacteriophage?
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capsid (head), the DNA inside the capsid, the sheath, the tail fibers, the pin and the baseplate
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what is hemagglutination?
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the clumping of blood
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What are the 5 steps for the multiplication of bacteriophages?
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attachment
penetration biosynthesis maturation release |
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what is the lytic cycle?
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phage causes lysis and death of host cell
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what is the lysogenic cycle?
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prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA
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what is pinocytosis?
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it is an active cellular process by which nutrients and other molecules are brought into a cell
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what is an example of a retrovirus?
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HIV
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what is budding?
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the release of an enveloped virus by breaking off
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J Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus
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won the nobel prize in medicine proving that the cancer inducing genes carried by viruses are actually derived from animal cells
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what are prions?
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infectious proteins that are inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments
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what is pathology?
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the study of disease
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what is etiology?
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the study of the cause of a disease
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what is pathogenesis?
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the development of disease
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What are latent viral infections?
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viruses that remain in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
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What are persistent viral infections?
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Disease processes occurs over a long period, generally fatal
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What are latent virla infections?
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viruses that remain in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
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What are persistent viral infections?
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Disease processes occurs over a long period, generally fatal
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What is pathogenesis?
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the development of disease
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what is infection?
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colonization of the body by pathogens
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What is disease?
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An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
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What is symbiosis?
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The relationship between normal microbiota and the host. (live together and benefit each other)
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Commensalism
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one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected
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Mutualism
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both organisms benefit
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Parasitism
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one organism is benefited at the expense of the other
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Microbial antagonism
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a competition between microbes essentially the good microbiota keeping the bad down
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Symptom
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a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease. Subjective
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Sign
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a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease. Objective
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Incidence
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fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time eg., 1988
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Prevalence
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fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time eg., March
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Sporadic disease
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Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
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Endemic disease
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Disease constantly present in a population such as common cold
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Epidemic disease
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Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time such as influenza
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Pandemic disease
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Worldwide epidemic such as AIDS
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Herd immunity
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immunity in most of a population
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Acute disease
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Symptoms develop rapidly such as influenza
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Chronic disease
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disease develops slowly (TB)
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Subacute disease
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Symptoms between acute and chronic
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Latent disease
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Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive (shingles)
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Local infections
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Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body (boils and abscesses)
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Systemic infection
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an infection throughout the body (measles)
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Focal infection
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Systemic infection that began as a local infection (staph)
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Bacteremia
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Bacteria in the blood
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Septicemia
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Growth of bacteria in the blood
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Toxemia
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toxins in the blood
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Viremia
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Viruses in the blood
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Primary infection
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acute infection that causes the initial illness
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Secondary infection
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opportunist infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
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Subclinical disease
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no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
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Stages of a disease
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Incubation period (no signs)
Prodromal period (mild signs) Period of illness (severe signs) Period of decline (signs) Period of convalescence |
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Transmission of disease
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direct contact (people)
indirect contact (fomites) droplet (airborne) |
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Transmission of disease
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Vehicle: inanimate reservoir (food and water)
Vectors (bugs) Mechanical (bugs have on feet) Biological (pathogen reproduces in vector) |
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Nosocomial infections
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are acquired as a result of a hospital stay
5-15% of all patients acquire it |
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Epidemiology
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the study of where and when diseases occur
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John Snow
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mapped the occurence of cholera in London
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever
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Florence Nightingale
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showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
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Subclinical disease
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no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
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Reservoirs of infection
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continual sources of infection (human, animal, nonliving)
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Pathogenicity
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the ability to cause disease
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Virulence
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The extent of pathogenicity (how strong is it)
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Portals of entry
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mucous membranes
skin parenteral route (skin puncture) |
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Numbers of Invading Microbes
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ID50: Infectious dose for 50% of test population
LD50: Lethal dose of a toxin for 50% of test population |
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Adherence
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attachment between pathogen and host
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Types of adhesion
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Glycocalyx
Fimbriae M protein Opa protein Tapered end |
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Biofilms
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communites of microbes and their extra cellular products attached to living or nonliving surfaces
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Siderophores
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Enzymes that take iron from host iron-binding proteins
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Antigenic variation
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alter surface proteins (to disguise it from immune system)
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Toxigenicity
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ability to produce a toxin
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Toxin
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substances that contribute to pathogenicity
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Toxemia
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presence of toxin in the host's blood
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Toxoid
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Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
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Antitoxin
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Antibodies against a specific toxin
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Gram positive exotoxins
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Cornebacterim diptheriae
Streptococcus pyogenes Clostridium botulinum C. tetani Vibrio cholerae Staphlococcus aureus |
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Susceptibility
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Lack of resistance to a disease
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Immunity
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ability to ward of disease
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Innate immunity
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defenses against any pathogen (since birth, no memory)
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Adaptive immunity
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Immunity resistance to a specific pathogen (slower to respond but has memory)
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First line of defense
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Intact skin
Mucous membranes and secretions Normal microbiota |
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Second line of defense (innate, nonspecific)
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Natural killer cells and phagocytic WBC's(nonspecific)
Inflammation Fever Antimicrobial substances: complement and interferon |
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Third line of defense (adaptive)
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specialized lymphocytes: T and B cells
Antibodies Memory cells |
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What produces erythrocytes?
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red bone marrow
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Formed elements in blood
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erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and dendritc cells (BEND)
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Where are T cells made immunocompetent?
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in the thymus
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Neutrophils
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phagocytic
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Basophils
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Produce histamine
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Eosinophils
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toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis
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Dendritic cells
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initiate adaptive immune response (phagocytosis)
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Monocytes
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phagocytic as mature macrophages
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Lymphocytes
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Involved in specific immunity
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Phagocytosis
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ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes
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Stages of Phagocytosis
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chemotaxis
adherence ingestion digestion |
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Chemotaxis
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chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms
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Opsonization
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coating process that make microorganisms more readily phagocytized. Serum proteins promote attachment of microorganism to the phagocyte
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Inflammations 3 stages
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vasodilation
margination and emigration of WBC's tissue repair |
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Purpose of inflammation
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destroy the injurious agent
limit effects on the body by confining or walling off the injurious agent and by products repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent or its by products |
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Transferrins
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proteins that bind iron (hide it)
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Interferons
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class of similar antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells they interfere with viral multiplication
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Humoral immunity
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involves antibodies produced by B cells
B cells recognize antigens by antibodies on their surface |
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Adaptive Immunity
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cell mediated immunity that involves T cells
T cells recognize antigens by TCR's on their surfaces |
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Serology
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the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
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Antiserum
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the generic term for serum because it contains Ab
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Globulins
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Serum proteins
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Immunoglobulins
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Antibodies
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Gamma globulin
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serum fraction containing Ab
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IgG antibodies
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80% of serum antibodies
cross placenta half life 23 days |
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IgM antibodies
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5-10% of serum antibodies
Agglutinates microbes: first Ab produced in response to infection |
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T cells
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Helper T1: activate cells related to cell mediated immunity
Th2: activate B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM, and IgE |
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Plasma cells
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make antibodies
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