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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is th anticodon for the codon GAU?
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CUA
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Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidine?
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C & T
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Which nitrogenous bases are Purines?
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A & G
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) ias also known as an _________ molecule.
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interpreter
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What is meant when we say DNA has anti-parallel strands?
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One strand goes up, one goes down - they "read" in opposite directions
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What are the components of the DNA nucleotide?
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Deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
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What are the components of the RNA nucleotide?
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Ribose, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
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What is the monomer of the polynucleotide molecule?
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nucleotides
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Name the enzyme that synthesizes DNA during replication
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DNA polymerase
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In what direction does DNA synthesis occur?
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5' to 3'
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Where does DNA replication initiate on the DNA molecule?
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origin of replication
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What are the substrates for DNA replication?
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nucleotide triphosphates
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Where does the energy for DNA replication come from?
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from the hydrolysis of 2 phosphates from the triphosphate substrate
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Is DNA replication conservative or semi-conservative?
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semi
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What is a bacterial operon?
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Genes that are involved in a common process that are all regulated together as a single unit.
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What are polyribosomes?
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many ribosomes attached to and translating the same strand of mRNA
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Which operon is an example of gene repression?
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trp operon
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Which operon is an example of gene induction?
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Lac operon
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How many initiation (start) codons are there?
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1
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How many nonsense (stop) codons are there?
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3
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How many of the possible 64 triplet codons code for amino acids?
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60
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Why is the genetic code described as redundant?
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b/c several codons code for the same amino acid
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Why is the genetic code described as unambiguous?
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each triplet codon codes for 1 specific codon
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Why is the genetic code described as universal?
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Almost all organisms use the same code
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Name the enzyme used in the transcription of an RNA molecule from the template strand of DNA
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RNA polymerase
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Where on the gene does transcription initiate?
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@ the promoter region of the gene
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Where does transcription stop on the gene?
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when the RNA polymerase comes to the termination sequence
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RNA vs. DNA
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RNA: single stranded, uses U instead of T, uses ribose as the sugar.
DNA: dble stranded, uses T instead of U, uses deoxyribose as the sugar |
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What direction as the mRNA translated?
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5' to 3'
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What molecule is used for energy during translation
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GTP - guanine triphosphate
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What are the two important sites on the tRNA molecule?
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The amino acid binding site and the anticodon site
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What is translocation (during the elongation process of translation)?
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It is when tRNA inside the ribosomes and move to the left and detatch, which allows the next tRNA to add its amino acid to the growing protein
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What binds to the stop codon during the termination process of translation?
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release factors
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Where does transcription take place in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
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prokaryotic: cytoplasm
eukaryotic: nucleus |
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Where does translation take place in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
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cytoplasm
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What is coupled transcription-translation
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when both activities take place in the same compartment - as the the mRNA is being created, the ribosomes and tRNA can immediately begin to translate it before it is "finished" (only in prokaryotic cells)
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Genotype vs. Phenotype
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Geno: actual gene
Pheno: expresses trait |
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haploid vs. diploid
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one set of genes vs. two sets
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What kind of mutations in the amino acid sequence can a base substitution (point mutation) in the DNA cause?
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missense or nonsense mutations
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What kind of mutations in the amino acid sequence can a deletion or insertion in the DNA cause?
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frameshift (major mutation!!)
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What are examples of mutagens
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chemicals (carcinogens), radiation
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what causes thymine dimers?
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UV radiation
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Name two ways thymine dimers can be fixed:
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exposure to light/photo-repair & excision repair by intracellular enzymes
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What is the basic taxonomic unit
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specie
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What are the three domains that all living organisms fall into on planet earth?
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Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
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Who is Linneaus?
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the man who developed the taxonomic nomenclature system
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What is a strain or subspecie?
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a bacteria/organism that is only slightly different from a species (only different by 1-2 genes)
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What are examples of morphological characteristics?
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bacterial shape, flagella, endospores, glycocallyx
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Name the Gram positive cocci that causes strep throat
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Streptococcus pyrogenes
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Name the Gram positive comma shaped rod that causes intense diarrhea due to production of a toxin
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Vibrio cholera
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Name the Gram negative diplococci that cause a sexually transmitted disease
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Neisseria gonorrhea
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DNA sequence homology vs. amino acid homology
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DNA sequnce = looking at the similarities in the actual sequence of bases\sequence of codons
amino acid = looking at the similarities in the sequence of amino acids |
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Name the Gram negative aerobic bacilli that are transmittes from the environment and cause a respiratory infection
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Legionella pneumophilia
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Name the Gram negative bacilli that causes an intestinal infection, often seen among children in daycare centers
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Shigella dysentariae
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Name the spirochete that causes a sexually transmitted disease
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Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
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What are serological tests?
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tests that use antibodies to identify microrganisms
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Name differential staining procedures that are used to help identify bacteria
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gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stain, capsule stain
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Name the bacteria that do not have a cell wall and causes a respiratory infection
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Name the bacteria that cause ulcers
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Helicobacter pylori
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Name the Gram negative bacilli that cause a prolonged upper respiratory infection in children where the victims cough uncontrollably
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Bordetella pertussiss
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Name the Gram positive bacilli that form endospores and are transmitted from animals causing skin,intestinal, or respiratory infections
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Bacillus anthracis
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Name the intracellular parasite that can cause blindness if the eye infection is not treated
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Are bacteria haploid or diploid?
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haploid
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Define plasmid
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Extrachromasomal, circular DNA that is smaller than regular DNA and replicated autonomously
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What are ribosomes made up of?
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proteins & RNA molecules
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define gene expression
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transcription + translation
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Define gene
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sequences of bases in DNA that code for a functional product. The functional unit of DNA.
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What is a F-pilus
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a sex pilus. Needed for bacterial conjugation
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How is the base composition of the DNA of an organism measured?
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% G+C
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What are the kingdoms under the domain Eukarya?
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Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Name and acid-fast, slow growing aerobic bacteria that causes a respiratory infection
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Name two bacteria that are intracellular parasites. Which one requires an insect vector?
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Chlamydia trachomatis, Rickettsia rickettsii.
RR requires an insect vector |
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What type of DNA sequences do restriction endonucleases bind to?
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pallindromic sequences
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What are the different ways DNA homology can be analyzed between two bacteria?
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Base composition, in-solution hybridization, DNA sequencing, & comparison of DNA fingerprints
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Name 3 ways bacteria may pick up genes from other bacteria:
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transformation, transduction, conjugation
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What is RTF? Where is it found?
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RTF is a gene that codes for the formation of a sex pilus. Found on the R plasmid
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What type of mutations do base analogs cause?
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missense and nonsense
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What type of mutations do intercalating agents cause?
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frameshift
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Which plasmid is required for conjugation?
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F-plasmid
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What is required for transduction to take place?
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A bacteriophage (a bacterial virus)
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Which plasmid has multi-antibiotic resistant genes and multi-heavy metal resistant genes?
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R-plasmid
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What is a missense mutation?
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mutation in the sequence of amino acids that changes the amino acid.
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What is a nonsense mutation?
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mutation in the amino acid sequence that prematurely ends the amino acid sequence (prematurely ends the protein)
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Induced mutation vs. spontaneous mutation
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induced= caused by outside forces (chemicals, radiation, etc.)
spontaneous= error caused by DNA/RNA polymerase |
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Name the spirochete that is transmitted by a tick and may cause a bulls-eye rash
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Borrelia burdorferi (Lymes disease)
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Name the obligate anaerobe that forms endospores and produces a toxin that causes all muscles to contract
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Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
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Name the Gram positive irregularly-shaped bacilli that cause a repiratory infection and cause the formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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What is a codon?
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it is a set of three nitrogenous bases located on the DNA that code for a specific amino acid.
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What are restriction endonucleases? What are they used for?
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they are enzymes that recognize specific pallindromic sequences in DNA and cut the DNA into segments at those points.
They are used to cut up DNA for DNA fingerprinting. |
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What is a transposon?
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segments of DNA that are able to move from one region to another.
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What is a bacteriocin?
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it is a toxin that kills other bacteria.
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Name 5 different plasmid bacteria may have:
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F=plasmid, R-plasmid, virulence plasmids, dissimilation plasmids, bacteriocinogens
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Bacterial transformation vs. transduction vs. conjugation
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transformation: small pieces of naked DNA are taken up by competent cells & recombined
Transduction: uses a bacteriophage to transfer small pieces of DNA Conjugation: requires direst contact between donor and recipient via f-plilus, transfer long segments of DNA. Conjugation: |
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What does the initiation of translation entail?
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small subunit of ribosome binds to mRNA, a tRNA binds to the codon on the mRNA, and the large subunit of the ribosome attatches to the initiation tRNA.
Process requires energy and initiation factors |
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Where are the ribosomes located in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
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cytoplasm
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