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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a field in which health professionals trace diseases and recommend control? Both BLANK and BLANK diseases studied.
There is a 4th BC correlation between BLANK and BLANK Who started this field and when? What did he study and do? What did Florence nightingale find? |
Epidemiology;infectious and noninfectious
environment and disease In 1855, Dr. John Snow in London started epidemiology, studied cholera deaths, and mapped outbreaks to certain wells and convinced city to remove their handles. found most deaths in 1855 army were due to diseases. |
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An epidemic is a markedly BLANK BLANK of a disease in a particular population during a BLANK BLANK.
What is a common source epidemic? Name an example. What is a propagated epidemic? Name an example |
increased occurrence; specific period
Common source epidemic: a group of people is exposed at one time to a particular disease agent from a common source of contamination. Ex: An outbreak of botulism from people eating at a single restaurant or EHEC. Propagated epidemics: an infectious agent is transmitted from one host to another via direct contact or a vector. Ex: Measles outbreak from one student to many others |
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BLANK are epidemics that affect several countries or major portions of the world. Name an example.
What describes a disease that is constantly present in a population? |
Pandemics
Ex: Black Plague in Europe, killed 25 M people. Endemic Ex: Measles and gonorrhea are examples of these disease endemic in the US. |
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What refers to the number of deaths in a population?
What about per 1000 deaths? What is morbidity? |
Mortality
Mortality rate this describes the number of cases of disease in a population. |
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What are the 2 types of morbidity?
Describe each. |
Prevalence rate, describes the occurrence of existing cases of disease in a population during a specified period of time.
Incidence rate, is the number of new cases of disease in a population from a previously nondiseased persons in a given time period. |
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What describes changes in morbidity and mortality rates with time?
What does this suggest? Describe an example. |
Disease rates and time
suggests that contributing factors for the disease have changed Ex, influenza, highs and lows versus the season. Arthropod transmitted diseases occur during times of the year that favor these vectors |
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--Epidemiological Analysis of Disease--
1. Disease rates and place: some disease are more common in certain BLANK BLANK. Name an example. 2. Disease rates and people: Morbidity and mortality rates higher with BLANK and BLANK. Morbidity and mortality rates differ with BLANK of the individual Morbidity and mortality rates differ among BLANK. |
1. geographical places
Ex: STD’s occur more frequently in the Southeastern US 2. infants and the elderly sex races |
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What are Nosocomial Infections?
How many people acquire one? What did MSRA cause hospitals to do? |
Hospital acquired infections
10% of people during a hospital stay. pre-screen patients for the microbe prior to admission. |
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How is Epidemiological Data collected? (2)
Why is one method bad? |
interviews and diagnostic test screening.
Bias and people lie in interview surveys. |
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--Diagnostic test vs. Interview--
Diagnostic Test should be: BLANK, BLANK, and specific It must be able to differentiate people BLANK the disease and BLANK the disease. Tests in BLANK: skin test followed by a chest x ray. Tests in BLANK: person is considered positive if BLANK BLANK demonstrates positive. Ex: Breast cancer, physical lump detection, mammography, MRI. Test should be BLANK, BLANK, or both. Ex: Sometimes cancer cell slide examination is read by experts in several labs to verify the results. Screening test should performed on a population with a BLANK BLANK of the disease. |
Accurate, sensitive
with; without series parallel; any test reliable, reproducible high frequency |
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In what studies do the investigator control the influence of factors that cause a disease? Name an example.
What are studies when the conditions are uncontrolled? What are the two types? |
Experimental studies
Ex: study of the influence of fluoride added to water supplies to control dental caries. Observational studies 1. Retrospective studies 2. Prospective studies |
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--Observational studies--
In BLANK BLANK, comparisons are made between a group of persons who have the disease and those that do not have the disease. BLANK BLANK involves following a group of people free of a given disease, but who vary in BLANK to the suspected disease associated characteristic. |
Retrospective studies
Prospective studies; exposure |
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Review this example of a prospective study (don't memorize).
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Prospective studies: 180,000 white males (50-60 yrs old), annual smoking history and deaths from lung cancer, correlation with lung cancer and number of cigarettes smoked per day.
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Review the history of biological agents (don't memorize) and bioterrorism
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13th century corpses of plague victims, catapulted over fortress walls. This may have helped spread the plague over Europe.
During the French and Indian war, British supplied Indians with smallpox contaminated blankets. WWI, German agents inoculated US Army horses with B. mallei, glanders agent prior to shipment overseas. WWII, Japanese investigated the use of Y. pestis infected fleas on enemy troops. US investigates the use of several agents for Bioterrorism, 1940’s-1960’s. 1995, Japanese cult releases nerve agent sarin into a Tokyo subway system, 5,500 injuries, 12 deaths. USSR, stockpiled anthrax, small pox, botulinum toxin and other weapons, 1980’s. 1991, Iraq, had 380,000 l of botulinum toxin, deployed 160 aerial bombs each with 90 l of the material. |
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--Why biological agents?--
Biological agents are BLANK while nuclear is very BLANK. BLANK are readily available. BLANK BLANK to produce these is available; many unemployed from the USSR. Biological weapons easy to BLANK without BLANK; Airport security does not pick them up. Effect of the attack not known for BLANK. Small attacks generate BLANK. |
inexpensive; expensive
Microorganisms Scientific knowledge transport without detection days fear |
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What is weaponizing?
What are 4 ways this is achieved? |
The development of biological agents into effective agents of mass destruction.
1. Modify virulence 2. Vaccine resistant 3. Antibiotic resistance 4. Small particle size (hang time in the air increased, therefore more regional infectivity.) |
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--Epidemiological clues of a biological attack--
BLANK BLANK of disease BLANK BLANK entities in the patient, ie anthrax, plague, smallpox. BLANK BLANK of casualties; point source outbreak. Apparent transmission by BLANK over a large region. |
Unusual appearance
Multiple disease Large number aerosol |
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Bioterrorism agents are classified by the CDC according to what?
BLANK BLANK has moderate dissemination and moderate mortality. BLANK BLANK has emerging pathogens that could be engineered for high mortality. BLANK BLANK are high priority agents that pose a risk to national security because of easy dissemination or transmission person to person. What else does it cause? |
Category A,B or C.
Category B Category C Category A High degree of mortality, causes social panic, and requires special health preparedness. |
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What is a beneficial use for Botulinum toxin?
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Botox
Can be used in dentistry to inactive some oral nerves that cause pain. |
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What are examples of Category A biological agents? (BAPST V)
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Botulism
Anthrax Plague Smallpox Tularemia Viral hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola |
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What are examples of Category B biological agents? (GERBS Q)
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Glanders
Epsilon toxin like Clostridium perfringens Ricin toxin from the Castor Bean Brucellosis Staph enterotoxin B Q fever |
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What are examples of Category C biological agents? (HEMTY H)
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Hantavirus
encephalitis Multiple drug resistant TB Tickborne Yellow fever hemorrhagic fever viruses |
