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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
PRION |
Proteins that cause changes in brain. No inflammatory response/symptoms newly discovered - no cure inhibits protein functions |
Cause of neurodegenerative disorders in animals and humans. "Mad cow disease". improper folding of protein due to issues in neural cells |
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VIRON |
Fully developed viral particle |
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Active Virus |
Virus that immediately goes into action |
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Hidden Virus |
Still infects, lays low & then reactivates |
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Fomites |
Something that is non-living yet capable of carrying infectious organisms |
Examples: Hair, clothing, bedding, table tops, counter tops |
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Vectors |
Living organisms that transmit disease |
Examples: fleas, ticks, mosquitos |
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Nonsocomial Infection |
Infection during hospital stay |
Affect 5-15% of hospital patients |
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Case Reporting |
detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient |
usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. |
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Morbidity |
Incidence of disease |
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Mortality |
Death from a disease |
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Notifiable Infectious Disease |
A disease that must be reported by healthcare professionals. |
Examples: Anthrax, gonorrhea, etc. |
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What does bacteria need in order to grow/be virulent in the body? |
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Stages of Growth |
LAG PHASE: Increased metabolic activity LOG PHASE: Starts growing - you will see cloudiness STATIONARY PHASE: Decrease in nutrients, balance of cell growth & death DEATH PHASE: Cell death > cell growth |
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Metabolism |
The means by which a microbe obtains the energy |
Enzymes & proteins!! |
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Principles of Disinfection |
Concentration Organic Matter pH Time |
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Phenols (Disinfectant) |
Injure plasma membrane, causes leakage of cell contents |
Examples: mouthwash, sore throat lozenges. |
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Halogens (Disinfectant) |
Affect cell enzyme systems - kills, cannot metabolically function, oxidizes |
Example: chlorine |
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Alcohol(Disinfectant) |
Denatures proteins & dissolves lipids; affects plasma membrane and integrity of cell |
Examples: Ethanol & isopropanol (require water) |
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PAUL EHRLICH |
Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease |
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ALEXANDER FLEMING (1928) |
Penicillin |
He realized that a particular mold inhibited growth of S.aureus |
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Sources of Antibiotics? |
Gram + bactieria Filamentous bacteria - soil bacteria Molds & fungi |
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Antimicrobial drugs |
Interferes with growth of microbes |
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Antibiotic |
Produced by a microbe that inhibits another |
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"Magic Bullet" |
Target specific bacteria functions |
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Bacteriostatic drugs |
Used when an immune reaction is desired; stops growth of new microbes but does not kill
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Benefit of immune reaction: will have antibodies in case of future infection |
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Lipopeptides |
Used as antibiotics against Gram + bacteria |
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Polymyxin B |
Used as antibiotic against Gram - bactiera |
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Rifamycin |
Inhibits RNA synthesis |
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Competitive Inhibition |
Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa |
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Antiviral Drugs |
Can block initial steps of viral infections |
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Antiviral |
Prevents replication - protein inhibitors |
Block release: exit inhibitors HIV |
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Interferons |
Inhibits spread of infection |
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Selective Toxicity |
Kill microbial cells but not the host's cells, target certain ribosomes. |
Examples: Antimicrobial drugs |
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Persister Cells |
Genetically resistant, grows despite antibiotics |
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Kirby Bauer |
Disc diffusion, determine the effectiveness of certain antibiotics using a disc on a bacteria covered agar plate |
Measured by the diameter of the circle of diffusion around disc |
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Oncogenes |
A gene with the potential to cause cancer |
Mutation |
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Oncogenic Viruses |
Viruses that cause of give risk to cancer causing tumors. Causes cells to turn into cancer cells |
messes up host cells DNA, grows beyond its capacity HPV VACCINE |
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Pathogen |
Disease causing organism |
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Pathology |
Study of disease |
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Etiololgy |
Study of cause of disease |
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Normal Flora |
Microbes in or on a host that do not cause disease |
In the womb, animals (including humans) are germ free/sterile |
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Epidemiology |
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health. |
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Commensalism |
One benefits, other is unharmed |
harmless |
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Mutualism |
Both benefit |
helpful |
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Parasitism |
One benefits, one is harmed |
harmful |
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Opportunism |
Does not cause harm unless appropriate condition exists |
potentially harmful |
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Sarcoma |
Cancer of connective tissue |
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Adenocarcinomas |
Cancer of glandular epithelial tissue |
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Pathogenesis |
the development of disease |
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Infection |
colonization of the body by pathogens |
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Disease |
an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally |
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Normal Flora |
Always beneficial for host |
symbiotic relationship |
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Normal Flora means of protection |
Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy Producing acids Producing bacteriocin |
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Probiotics |
live microbes that are ingested/applied into the body to exert a benefical effect |
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Places with normal flora |
Oral cavity (mouth) & upper respiratory Tract Urogenital Tract Gastrointestinal tract Skin |
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Koch's Postulates |
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism. |
Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions Some pathogens cause disease only in humans |
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Symptom |
Change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease |
feelings |
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Sign |
A change in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease |
measured |
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Syndrome |
Specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease |
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Communicable Disease |
disease spread from one host to another |
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Contagious Disease |
easily spread from one host to another |
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Non-communicable disease |
a disease that is not transmitted from on host to another |
cancers, diabetes |
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Incidence |
fraction of a population that contracts a disease in a specific time |
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Prevalence |
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time |
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Sporadic disease |
disease that occurs occasionally in a population |
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endemic |
constantly present |
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epidemic |
many hosts in a given area at a specific time |
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pandemic |
worldwide epidemic |
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herd immunity |
immunity in most of a population
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acute disease |
symptoms develop rapidly |
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chronic disease |
disease develops slowly |
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subacute disease |
symptoms between acute and chronic |
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laten disease |
disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive |
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local infection |
pathogens in small area |
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systemic infection |
pathogens throughout the body |
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focal infecion |
systemic infection that began as a local infection |
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Toxemia |
toxins in blood |
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Viremia |
viruses in blood |
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Transmission of disease |
direct indirect droplet |
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Vehicle Transimssion |
transmission by an inanimate resivoir |
food, water, air |
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Mechanical transimisson |
bug carries pathogen on feet |
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Biological transmission |
pathogen reproduces in vector (bug) |
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Bacteria Classifications |
Psychrophiles - cold; close to freezing point of water 0-32 degrees Mesophiles - avg. (we work with these - ~37 C) optimal temp close to host body temp Thermophiles - hot; 50-60 C Hyperthermophiles - >80 C |
Most bacteria grow within a limited range of temp, usually 30 C
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What do antibiotics do? |
Injure plasma membrane, mess up cell wall, inhibit protein syntheis |
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Bacteriostatic |
Prevent from replicating - do not kill |
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Bacteriocidal |
Kills |
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Autoclave |
Heat, pressure, & steam for a time (15 min?) |
Moist vs. dry heat |
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Phosphorus |
is benefical becuase it bonds to DNA, mRNA, & ATP |
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Normal Flora varies based on ________ |
diet, environment, lifestyle, sex, age |
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Koch Postulates prove ___________ |
an organism causes a disease |
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Obligate anaerobe |
Oxygen = no growth |
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Salt & Sugar |
hypertonic environment |
inhibits microbe growth due to toxicity |
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Right before beginning of peak of disease graph, symptoms are ___________ |
at worst, microbes at highest |
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Streptomycin |
treats TB |
aminoglycoside like gentamicin |
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Osmotic pressure |
Isotonic - equal solut in & out of cell Hypertonic - greater solute outside of cell Hypotonic - greater solute inside of cell Hypertonic envi. cause plasmolysis due to high osmotic pressure |
cells exist in water envi., 80-90% water and are suseptible to osmotic pressure |
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Requirements for growth |
Physical: Temp. pH - bacteria: 6.5 - 7.5 molds & yeasts: 5 - 6 acidic envi. prevents spoilage of food by fermentation Osmotic pressure Chemical: Carbon Nitrogen, sulfur, & phosphorus Trace elements Oxygen Organic growth factors |
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Ribosome Structure in Prokaryote |
70s; 50s & 30s subunits |
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Ribosome Structure in Eukaryote |
80s; 60s & 40s subunits |
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Broad spectrum antibiotic |
Antibiotics that target both Gram + and Gram - bacteria |
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Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic |
Antibiotics that target either Gram + or Gram - bacteria |
Antibiotics that target either Gram + or Gram - bacteria |