Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
277 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what type of bacteria have axial filaments?
|
spirochetes
|
|
|
what are helial, motile, no endospore, divide by binary fission are found in aquatic environments?
|
spirochetes
|
|
|
what type of bacteria are found in aquatic environment?
|
spirochetes
|
|
|
what is the cause of syphilus?
|
treponema pallidum
|
|
|
what is the cause of lymes disease?
|
borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
lymes disease and syphilus are examples of what type of bacteria?
|
spirochetes
|
|
|
gram negeative, microaerobic/aeroic, motile, helical/vibroid are bacteria that have ____________ instead of axial filaments
|
flagella
|
|
|
helicobacter pylori is a gram negative bacteria that causes __________ in humans
|
stomach ulcers
|
|
|
gram negative aerobic bacteria spirillum volutans are usually how long?
|
60 um
|
|
|
gram negative rods include pseudomonas which produce water soluable _________ decompose _________&_________ and are commonly found on _____
|
pigments, decompose chemicals and pesticides, found on soap
|
|
|
gram negative rod pseudomonas are motile with polar _______. Where are they found?
|
flagella. soil and fresh water
|
|
|
pseudomonas aeruginosa produces what color pigment?
|
blue-green
|
|
|
gram negative rod lgionella pneumophila was found in __________ in hotel rooms and caused pnemonia like symptoms in veterans at a confernece
|
air conditioning
|
|
|
the gram negative aerobic rod bordetella pertussis causes what?
|
whooping cough
|
|
|
the gram negative aerobic cocci neisseria are parasitic on what?
|
human mucus membranes
|
|
|
the gram negative aerobic cocci neisseria are ___cocci and non-_________ forming
|
diplococci and non endospore forming
|
|
|
the gram negative aerobiccocci neisseria gonorrhoeae causes what?
|
gonnorrhea
|
|
|
the gram negative aerobic cocci neisseria meningitidis causes what?
|
meningitus (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain)
|
|
|
faculativeley anerobic gram negative rods include what?
|
enterics, vibrionaceae, and pasteurellaceae
|
|
|
enterics (faculativeley anerobic gram negative rods) are found where?
|
in the intestines of humans and animals. only some are free living in soil
|
|
|
enterics (faculativeley anerobic gram negative rods) include what organisms?
|
e.coli, shigella, salmonella, proteus vulgarious, enterobacter, yersinia, klebsiella pneumonaie and serratis marcescens
|
|
|
the enteric Escherichia coli (E.coli) is part of the ________ _________ of the intestine and is an indicator of what?
|
normal flora, fecal contamination
|
|
|
the enteric shigella causes what?
|
dysentary or shigellosis
|
|
|
the enteric salmonella causes what? salmonella typhi causes what?
|
food poisoning (salmonellosis), typhone fever
|
|
|
the enteric enterobacter is found where? what does it cause?
|
enterobacter causes urinary tract infections and is found in humans, animals, water and soil
|
|
|
the enteric proteus vulgaris is associated what what two things?
|
urinary tract infections and hospital-aquired wound and burn infections
|
|
|
what 2 enterics cause urinary tract infections?
|
proteus vulgarus and enterobacters
|
|
|
what enteric is highly motile and oppotunitic?
|
proteus vulgarous
|
|
|
what enteric are short, fat, gram negative rods?
|
yersinia
|
|
|
what enteric causes the bubonic plague?
|
yersinia
|
|
|
yersinia causes the black death which involves bacteria causing ____ to form. Which are what?
|
buboes, swollen lymph nodes
|
|
|
when the bubonic plague enters the lungs it is called ____ ______
|
pnemonic plague
|
|
|
what enteric is known for its production of red pigment?
|
serratia marcescens
|
|
|
the enteric serratia marcescens can produce _____ ______ infections which can cause pneomonia, meningitis, wound and urinary tract infections
|
heart valve
|
|
|
strains that grow at body temperature do not produce ___ pigment
|
red
|
|
|
the enteric klebsiella pneumoniae causes what?
|
pnemonia
|
|
|
pnemonia is a major cause of _____ in pediatric wards
|
septicemia
|
|
|
thef aculativeley anerobic gram negative rod vibrionaceae includes vibrio ____ which causes ______ which causes watery diarrhea
|
chloerae, cholera
|
|
|
what faculativeley anerobic gram negative rod causes watery diarrhea?
|
vibrio chlorae
|
|
|
what faculativeley anerobic gram negative rods are very very small and coccobacilli?
|
pasteurellacae
|
|
|
pasterella is named for ________ ________ because he identified the organism pasteurella multocida (cause of fowl cholera)
|
louis pasteur
|
|
|
hemophilus means _____ _____. They are named this because they need _____ to grow in culture
|
blood. blood
|
|
|
hemophilus are faculativeley anerobic gram negative rods that inhabit the mucous membranes of where?
|
intestinal, vaginal, upper respiratory, mouth
|
|
|
hemophilis is a common cause of ________ in children and can also be responsible for causing ______
|
meningitis, ear aches
|
|
|
the bacterias rickettsias and chlamydias only reproduce where? why? because of this what are they called?
|
in the host because they lack certain enzymes needed for growth. obligate intracelluar parasites
|
|
|
rickettsias are rod shaped or coccobacili, gram negartive and transmitted to humans by what?
|
insects and ticks
|
|
|
Rickettsia rickettkii causes what?
|
rocky mountain spotted fever
|
|
|
several specis of rickettsias cause _______, which includes symptoms such as headaches, chills, fever
|
typhus
|
|
|
coxiella burnetti is a ______ rickettsia which is transmitted by what?
|
atypical, contaminated milk or aerosols
|
|
|
the rickettsia coxiella burnetti contain cells with a ______ like structure which is ironic because they are gram negative
|
endospore-like
|
|
|
the bacteria chlamydias are tiny, _______ cell shaped, gram negative, non motile and can cause what?
|
spehrical, blindness (trachoma) and some sexually transmitted diseases
|
|
|
the bacteria mycoplasmas do not have _______ _____ and are considered ________
|
cell walls, pleomorphic
|
|
|
the bacteria mycoplasms produce filaments that resemble _______
|
fungi
|
|
|
gram positive cocci include what?
|
staphylcoccus + streptococcus
|
|
|
staphylcoccus aureus produces _____ colonies arranged in ________ and can grow in _______ than normal osmotic pressure
|
gold/yellow, clusters, higher
|
|
|
staphylcoccus is commonly found in _______ passages and ______. It produces toxins that can lead to _______ damage
|
nasal, skin, tissue
|
|
|
staphylcoccus aureus produce enterotoxins which are ______ toxins that cause what?
|
intestinal, vomiting and diarrhea (food poisoning)
|
|
|
staphylcoccus aureus causes what? what is their deal with oxygen?
|
boils, pimples, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome. they are faculatively anaerobic
|
|
|
is staphylcoccus epidermis pathogenic?
|
no
|
|
|
streptococcus commonly form _____. They produce a variety of toxins and enzymes that destroy tissue. what can streptococcus cause?
|
chains. scarlet fever, strep throat, pneumonia
|
|
|
streptococcus have species differentiated by the presence of specific _____ on their cell surfaces. most species are _____ __________ when it comes to oxygen
|
antigens, aerotolerant
|
|
|
two important gram positive endospore-forming rod shapes include ___________ and _________
|
bacillus and clostridium
|
|
|
the gram positive endospore-forming rod shape bacillus is _______ and some species can produce ________
|
aerobic and can produce antibiotics
|
|
|
gram positive endospore-forming rod shape bacillus anthracis is the cause of ________ which is a serious blood infection in animals
|
anthrax
|
|
|
gram positive endospore-forming rod shape clostridium is a _____ ________
|
obligate aneraobe
|
|
|
clostridium tetani causes ________ (lockjaw)
|
tetanus
|
|
|
clostridium perfringens causes ____ _________ and food borne ______
|
gas gangrene and foodborne diarrhea
|
|
|
regular non sporing gram positive rods include what?
|
lactobacillus
|
|
|
the regular non sporing gram postive lactobacillus is aerotolerant with no usuage of oxygen as a ____ __________
|
electron acceptor
|
|
|
the nonsporing gram positive lactobacillus produces _______ _________ and grows well in _______environments such as ______________ _____ _______
|
lactic acid, acidic, vagina, intestinal tract, oral cavity
|
|
|
lactobacillus is used in the production of what?
|
sauerkraut, pickles, cheese and yogurt
|
|
|
irregular non sporing gram postive rods include the club shaped bacteria called what
|
corynebacteria
|
|
|
the irregular non sporing gram positive rod corynebacterium diphtheriae causes what?
|
diptheria
|
|
|
describle mycobacteria
|
aerobic,no endospores, non motile, slender rods, may form filaments
|
|
|
mycobacteria cell walls contain a large amount of ____. Most of which are acid ___
|
lipids, fast
|
|
|
mycobacteria are mostly found where?
|
soil
|
|
|
mycobacteria is the cause of what 2 main diseases?
|
leprosy and tuberculosis
|
|
|
what are the bacteria nocardioforms?
|
rudimentary filaments which fragment into short rods. often acid fast
|
|
|
some species of nocardia cause skin and ____ infections
|
lung
|
|
|
what bacteria live in extremely harsh conditions? what are their 3 distinct groups?
|
archaeobacteria, methanogens, thermoacidophiles, halobactiera
|
|
|
the archaeobacteria methanogens combine hydrogen and carbon dioxide to form _____. they are the sole natural source of what?
|
methane, natural source of marsh gas
|
|
|
the archaeobacteria halobacteria live in highly concentrated ____ solutions
|
salt
|
|
|
the archaeobacteria thermoacidophiles metabolize ____ and live in extremely ____ and ___ conditions
|
sulfur, hot and acidic
|
|
|
what are phototrophic bacteria? what are the 3 groups?
|
bacteria that use light as an energy source, purple, green, and cyanobacteria
|
|
|
the sulfur producing green and purple phototrophic bacteria are usually ______ and found where?
|
anaerobic and found in deep sediments of lakes and ponds
|
|
|
purple and green non sulfur producing bacteria use organic compounds to reduce ____ _____ during photosynthesis
|
carbon dioxide
|
|
|
cyanobacteria in phototrophic bacteria are usually _____. they produce ____ from photosynthesis but some species may use sulfur and not produce it
|
aerobic, oxygen
|
|
|
cyanobacteria have specialized cells called ______ that contain enzymes to take nitrogen gas and fix it into ammonium
|
heteocysts
|
|
|
actimycetes are ____ bacteria commonly found in the ____. Streptomyces produces a gas compound which gives the ____ a specific ___
|
filamentous, soil x2, odor
|
|
|
from actinomycetes, most of the commercial antibiotics are produced by ___________
|
streptomyces
|
|
|
what are decomposers tha break down dead plant matter and recycle important nutrients?
|
fungi
|
|
|
the study of fungi is called _____. in humans the incidence of fungal disease has been ___________
|
mycology. increasing
|
|
|
thousands of fungal diseases affect plants costing more than $______ each year
|
1 billion
|
|
|
what are some types of fungi>?
|
yeast, mold and fleshy fungi
|
|
|
what is yeast?
|
unicellular, used to make bread, wine, hepatitis B vaccine. its a protein support for cattle
|
|
|
what are molds?
|
multicellular and filamentous
|
|
|
what are fleshy fungi?
|
multicellular and filamentous, produce thick reproductive bodies...mushrooms, puffballs
|
|
|
fungi are a major cause of the ___ disease. what percent of harvest fruit is ruined by fungi?
|
plant, 25-50%
|
|
|
what are 3 devastating fungi infections?
|
dutch elm disease, potato blight in ireland, chestnut tree devastation
|
|
|
what is the dutch elm disease? when did the disease spread throughout north america?
|
bark beetles carry the fungus ceratocytis ulmi which blocks the trees circulation. after ww1
|
|
|
what was the potato blght in ireland? when did it occur?
|
one million ppl died when the potato crop was ruined by phytopthora infestans. mid 1800s
|
|
|
what is the chestnut tree devastation? when and where did it occur
|
fungus cryphonectica killed almost all chestnut trees in the us brought in from china in 1904. the fungus allows the trees roots to live and sprout shoots but then kills the shoots
|
|
|
what is a fungal infection known as? fungi infections are ____ due to slow growth
|
micosis, chronic
|
|
|
what are the 5 groups of mycoses based upon tissue involement and mode of entry into the host?
|
systematic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic
|
|
|
how is infection transmitted in the cutaneous group and what do the fungi secrete?
|
infection is transmitted by direct contact or through scissor use/locker room floor. cutatnoues infections secrete keritinase which degrades keratin
|
|
|
of the 5 groups of mycoses what is the subcutaneous group? how is the infection usually caused?
|
located beneath the skin, caused by fungi beneath the soil and often enters through a puncture wound on legs or feet
|
|
|
of the 5 groups of mycoses what is the cutaneous group?
|
where fungi only infect the epidermis, hair, and nails. infection is transmitted by direct contact or through scissor use/locker room floor. cutatnoues infections secrete keritinase which degrades keratin
|
|
|
of the 5 groups of mycoses what is the superficial group
|
located along the hairshafts or the surface of epidermal cells, particularly the face and scalp
|
|
|
of the 5 groups of mycoses what is the opportunistic group?
|
normally harmless but can become pathogenic in a debiliated host (aspergillosis)
|
|
|
algae are photosynthetic _____ organisms primarily found in _____ environments and classified in what 2 kingdoms?
|
eukaryotic, aquatic, plant and protista
|
|
|
of the 5 groups of mycoses what is the systematic group? where does it usually begin?
|
located deep within the body, begins in the lungs and then spreads
|
|
|
algae reproduce how?
|
sexually and asexually
|
|
|
how much of earth is covered by water? the planktonic algae in these waters contribute to what percent of earths oxygen?
|
earth is 75% water. 80% of oxygen is made by algae in the water
|
|
|
what are some selected phyla of algae?
|
chlorophyta
|
|
|
what is chlorophyta? what do they have in their cell walls and what do they store starch in?
|
green algae. have cellulose in walls and store starch in structures called pyrenoids
|
|
|
what is phaephyta? where is it found and what length can it reach?
|
brown algae or kelp. found in salt water. some can reach 50 meters
|
|
|
what is extracted from kelp (phaeophyta) and used as a thickener in foods?
|
algin
|
|
|
what is bacillariophyta? what do their cell walls contain? how does the wall fit together?
|
they are diatoms which are unicellular. the walls of diatoms contain pectin and a layer of cilia. the two parts of the wall fit together like halves of a perti dish
|
|
|
what are the algae diatoms used for?
|
abracives in toothpaste and silver polish. they are also used in filters
|
|
|
much of the worlds petroleum was formed from _____ that lived over 300 years ago
|
diatoms
|
|
|
energy through photosynthesis is stored in the form of ____
|
oil
|
|
|
what color is algae rhodophyta and where is it found?
|
red algae. found at greater ocean depths than phaeophyta (kelp)
|
|
|
why can red algae (rhodophyta) live at greater ocean depths than other algae?
|
they have a red pigment allows them to absorb the blue light that penetrates deep into the ocean
|
|
|
where is agar extracted from?
|
rhotophyta (red algae)
|
|
|
what is the algae pyrrophyta? what does their walll consist of?
|
dinoflagellates which are unicellular and plankonic (free floating) their wall is made up of cellulose and silica
|
|
|
what does plankonic mean?
|
free floating
|
|
|
how is pyrrophyta similar to chlorophyta? how is pyrrophyta similar to bacillariophyta (diatoms)
|
p&c both have cellulose in wall. p&b both have silica
|
|
|
the algae dinoflagellates (pyrrophyta) have 2 ______ that differ in structure and allow them to spin like tops
|
flagella
|
|
|
the algae dinoflagellates (pyrrophyta) can produce some _____ and is responsible for the ____ tides
|
neurotoxins and responsible for red tides
|
|
|
protozoa are _________ and _______
|
unicellular and eukaryotic
|
|
|
protozoa belong in what kingdom? where are they generally found?
|
protista, water and soil
|
|
|
in protozoa, the vegetative state is when __________ feeds upon bacteria and small particulate nutrients
|
trophozate
|
|
|
under certain adverse conditions, some protozoa can form a protective capsule called a _____
|
cyst
|
|
|
name some types of protozoa
|
amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, apicomplexa
|
|
|
the protozoa Amoebas move by cytoplasm streaming into ________
|
pseudopods
|
|
|
the parastic amoeba called entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic ____________. its primary food is what?
|
dysentary. primary food is red blood cells
|
|
|
the protozoa amoeba also includes acanthamoeba which grows in water and can infect the ______ causing _______
|
cornea, blindness
|
|
|
the protozoa flagellates move by the whip-like motion of the _____ and include what 2 organisms?
|
flagella. include trichomonas vaginalis and trypanosoma.
|
|
|
the flagellate trichomonas vaginalis is located where? how is is transmitted
|
in the vagina and urinary tract of males. its transmitted by sexual intercourse, towels, and toilets
|
|
|
the flagellate trypanosoma causes _________________ transmitted by the ___________ fly
|
african sleeping sickness, transmitted by the tsetse fly
|
|
|
the protozoa ciliates have ______ which are similar to flagella but are much shorter
|
cilia
|
|
|
in protozoas, the only ciliate that is a human parasite is __________ coli. it enters the large intestine when the _____ are ingested by the host and causes a severe, rare type of _____
|
balantidium coli, cysts, dysentary
|
|
|
the protozoa apicomplexa is not _______. the organism plasmodium causes __________ which has a complex life cycle and requires both a human and the _________ mosquito as hosts
|
motile, molaria, anopheles
|
|
|
what are parastitc helminths? what are they considered to be?
|
have a head and a tail with left and right halves that are mirror images. they are considered to be biolateral symmetry
|
|
|
what type of worms are platyhelminthes?
|
flat worms
|
|
|
flat worms posess an _________ digestive system where the food enters and leaves through the ______
|
incomplete, mouth
|
|
|
what are 2 types of flat worms?
|
flukes (trematodes)
and tapeworms (cestodes) |
|
|
flukes have a ________ sucker which helps hold the organism in place and an ____ sucker which takes in fluids
|
ventral, oral
|
|
|
what flat worm has a leaf shaped body?
|
flukes
|
|
|
flukes are hermaphroditic which means what?
|
they possess both ovaries and testes
|
|
|
two types of fluke infections in humans include what? where are each found?
|
tissue flukes (found in lungs, bile ducts, liver)
blood flukes (found in blood) |
|
|
where are the flat worms tapeworms normally found?
|
in the intestine
|
|
|
the head of a tapeworm has a _____ which has suckers that attach to the intestinal mucosal wall
|
scolex
|
|
|
tapeworms do or do not ingest the tissue of their hosts?
|
do not
|
|
|
how do tapeworms absorb food?
|
through their cuticle
|
|
|
in tapeworms, what are the proglottids?
|
the body segments that have both male and female reproductive organs
|
|
|
some beef tapeworms have been reported to reach a size of ___ meters
|
6
|
|
|
some examples of tapeworms include?
|
beef tapeworm, pork tapeworm and hydatid tapeworm(infects dogs, wolves and foxes)
|
|
|
the parasitic helminth called the nematode is what type of worm?
|
round worm
|
|
|
round worms are cylinderical and include a digestive system with a _____ _____ and ______
|
mouth, intestine and anus
|
|
|
male round worms are usually __________ than females
|
smaller
|
|
|
the round worm enterobius vermicularis is also called a _____ worm
|
pin
|
|
|
adult pin worms are found in the __________ while females lay eggs in the __________
|
large intestine, anus
|
|
|
the roundworm ascaris lumbricoides is also known as what?
|
the common round worm
|
|
|
the common round worm is how large? where does it live?
|
30 cm, lives in small intestine of humans and animals
|
|
|
the round worm necator americanus is also know as the ____ worm
|
hook
|
|
|
adult hook worms live in the small intestines but eggs hatch in the _____ and larvae enter from where?
|
hatch in soil, larvae enter through the skin
|
|
|
how is trichinosis acquired? how can it be avoided?
|
by eating larvae (encysted) in pork which then leaves cysts to have larvae freed in the digestive tract and mature in the small intestine where they lay eggs and new larvae enter lymph and blood vessels. can be avoided by cooking meat
|
|
|
what are arthropods?
|
joint legged animals that posess an exoskeleton and have segmented bodies
|
|
|
what is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, because it has 1 million species
|
arthropods
|
|
|
the arthropod arachnida has ___ legs and includes what
|
8 legs, spiders, mites, ticks
|
|
|
the archnida organism mites can cause what disease?
|
scabies
|
|
|
the archnida organism tick cause what dieases? by this, what bacteriums does it carry?
|
rocky mountain spotted fever, carrys rickettsia
lymes disease- carries borrelia buryerfen |
|
|
the anthropod insecta has how many legs?
|
6 legs
|
|
|
the anthropod insecta include fleas carrying _____ _____which cause the ______
|
yersinia pestis, plague
|
|
|
the anthropod insecta includes lice which carry ______
|
typhus
|
|
|
the anthropod insecta includes flies which carry trypansoma and cause ______ _______ ______
|
african sleeping disease
|
|
|
the anthropod insecta includes mosquitos which carry ____ which is caused by the bacteria ______________
|
malaria, plasmodium
|
|
|
the anthropod insecta includes bugs that can carry _____ disease, also known as the kissing disease carried by tritoma
|
chagas' disease , triatoma
|
|
|
the anthropod crustacea includes ___ antennae creatures which include ___ and _____
|
4, crabs and crayfish
|
|
|
what dutch scientist from 1898 came up with the word virus?
|
martinus willem beijernick
|
|
|
who discovered that the behavior of the 'infectious agent' was differnt from that of bacteria?
|
martinus willem beijernick
|
|
|
who found that the infectious agent could be dried without losing its infection?
|
martinus willem beijernick
|
|
|
who found that boiling could inactivate the agent?
|
martinus willem beijernick
|
|
|
which russian scientist of 1892 filtered sap of diseased tobacco plants through a porceline filter designed to retain bacteria?
|
dmitri iwanski
|
|
|
who discoverd that an indectious agent passed through a filter?
|
dmitri iwanski
|
|
|
who thought the disease was due to a small bacterium?
|
dmitri iwanski
|
|
|
who constructed the tobacco moasic disease where healthy plants were injected with the filterd fluid?
|
dmitri iwanski
|
|
|
who is the american scientist from 1935 that isolated the tobacco mosaic virus?
|
wendell m stanley
|
|
|
what scientist showed that physical and chemical properties of viruses differed from cells?
|
wendell m stanley
|
|
|
what scientist crystalized the virus made of protein and nucleic acid?
|
wendell m stanley
|
|
|
in 1939 viruses were first observed with what microscope?
|
electron
|
|
|
what are viruses?
|
infectious agents too small to be seen with a light microscope
|
|
|
are viruses cells?
|
no
|
|
|
since viruses replicate and multiply only within a living host they are referred to as what?
|
obligate intracellular parasites
|
|
|
what is the size range of viruses?
|
20 to 14,000 nm in diameter
|
|
|
what are the 3 major components of viruses?
|
nucleic acid, capsids and envelopes
|
|
|
what does the nucleic acid component of viruses carry as the genetic material?
|
RNA or DNA but not both
|
|
|
nucleic acid component of viruses can be single or double stranded. true or false
|
true
|
|
|
nucleic acid component of viruses can only be linear. true or false
|
false, may be linear, circular or segmented
|
|
|
the amount of nucleic acid varies depending upon the virus. true or false?
|
true
|
|
|
in viruses, the nucleic is enclosed by a _____ coat called a ______
|
protein coat, capsid
|
|
|
what does the capsid of a virus do?
|
determines the shape of the virus and is important in attachment
|
|
|
what are capsids of viruses made up of?
|
capsomeres
|
|
|
some viruses have their capsid covered by an _______ which is often a bilayer of ______ _______
|
envelope, lipid membrane
|
|
|
envelopes of viruses may have spikes, which are composed of what?
|
glycoproteins
|
|
|
viruses that have no envelope are referred to as ____
|
naked
|
|
|
what are some possible shapes of viruses?
|
helical, polyhedral, enveloped, complex
|
|
|
complex viruses can be shaped like ______ (pox virus) others can have a _____ head and a helical _________
|
boxes, polyhedral, tail
|
|
|
describe helical viruses. what viruses are helical?
|
capsid is wound around the nucleic acid to form a cylinder. include rabies and tobacco moasic virus
|
|
|
polyhedral shaped viruses form the shape of a ____________which has 20 equalateral triangles. what virus has this?
|
isocahedron, polio
|
|
|
envelope shaped viruses are mostly _______
|
spherical
|
|
|
an example of an enveloped helical virus is the ________
|
influenza virus
|
|
|
an example of an enveloped polyhedral virus is the____________
|
herpes simplex virus
|
|
|
in viruses, what is the host range?
|
different kinds of organisms a virus can infect
|
|
|
what is specificity in relations to viruses?
|
specific types of cells the virus can infect (wart viruses can only infect skin cells)
|
|
|
what is a birion?
|
a complete, fully developed infectious virus particle
|
|
|
originally viruses were classified how?
|
by where they were found and what organs they infected.
|
|
|
how is classification of viruses based?
|
type of nucleic acids present, mode of replication, other attributes
|
|
|
the need for a universal taxonomy scheme for viruses led to the formation of what in 1966?
|
international committee on taxonomy of viruses
|
|
|
what did the committee come up with for rules of viruses?
|
1. classification is organized into families
2. present time there are approx 108 families for 4000 species 3. many viruses are not yet named. about 30,000 viruses being studied 4. family name ends in viridae 5. group of viruses sharing same genetic info is called a viral species |
|
|
multiplication of t-even bacteriophage is completed in what 5 steps?
|
1.attachment
2. penetration 3. biosynthsis 4. maturation 5. release |
|
|
what step is added inbetweeb penetration and biosynthesis in the multiplcation of animal viruses
|
uncoating
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, attachment is when what happens?
|
virus or phage attaches to host cell at receptor site
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, for animal viruses penetration is when what occurs?
|
part or all of virus is taken into the host cell by a process called endocytosis (or enveloped viruses can enter by fusion with the plasma membrane)
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, for t-even bacterophages, what is penetration?
|
phage penetrates the host cell and injects its DNA
|
|
|
in viral multiplication in animal viruses, what is uncoating?
|
the viral nucleic acid is sperated from its protein coat
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, for aniaml viruses biosynthesis is when what happens?
|
replication of nucleic acid and synthesis of viral proteins
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, for t-even bacteriophages biosynthesis is when what happens?
|
phage DNA directs synthesis of viral parts by the host cell
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, what is maturation?
|
viral parts are assembled
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, what is release for animal virus?
|
viruses leave by exocytosis or may produce enzymes that destroy host cell membrane
|
|
|
in viral multiplication, what is release for t-even bacteriophages?
|
host cells lyse and release new virions
|
|
|
the time elapsed from when the phage attaches to the host cell until the new viruses are released is called _____ _____
|
burst time
|
|
|
the number of phage particles released from a single cell is called the ____ ____
|
burst size
|
|
|
the average number of viruses released from a single cell is between what
|
50 and 200
|
|
|
when a virus enters a host cell and successfully produces many viruses, the host cell may lyse and therefore be destroyed, what is this cycle called?
|
lytic cycle
|
|
|
sometims viral dna remains latent and doesnt cause host cell to lyse, what cycle is this called?
|
lysogenic cycle
|
|
|
when viral dna inserts itself into the host DNA, the viral dna is referred to as a __________
|
prophage
|
|
|
usually the lytic cycle is induced by a stimulus such as what?
|
uv light or chemical
|
|
|
what is specialized transduction?
|
process of transferring cell DNA adjacent to prophage to another cell
|
|
|
a gene that transforms normal cells into cancerous cells is known as a _________
|
oncle cells
|
|
|
viruses that are capable of inducing tumors in animals are called _________ viruses
|
onclegenic
|
|
|
in 1982 who found that pure protein was causing neurological disease in sheep?
|
stanley prusiner
|
|
|
mad cow disease is similar to what human spongiform encephalopathies disease
|
creutzfeldt-jakob disease
|
|
|
mad cow disease is attributed to _________. where do large vacuoles develop?
|
prions, in the brain
|
|
|
viroids are infectious pieces of pure ________ that cause some plant diseases
|
RNA
|
|
|
mad cow disease is attributed to _________. where do large vacuoles develop?
|
prions, in the brain
|
|
|
viroids have RNA where its only ____________ nucleotides long, smaller than a virus
|
300 to 400
|
|
|
viroids are infectious pieces of pure ________ that cause some plant diseases
|
RNA
|
|
|
what does AIDS stand for?
|
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
|
|
|
viroids have RNA where its only ____________ nucleotides long, smaller than a virus
|
300 to 400
|
|
|
what does AIDS stand for?
|
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
|
|
|
HIV stands for?
|
human immune deficiency virus
|
|
|
HIV stands for?
|
human immune deficiency virus
|
|
|
AIDS is the final stage of ____
|
HIV
|
|
|
the AIDS virus is a member or the _________ family
|
retrovirus
|
|
|
the AIDS virus contains _ strands of identical RNA and makes the enzyme ______ _________
|
2, reverse transcriptase
|
|
|
the AIDS virus contains an envelope composed of what? the envelope have spikes of ________ that allow HIV to attach to the _____ receptor on a host cell
|
lipoprotein, glycoprotein, CD4
|
|
|
where are cd4 receptors found?
|
t-cells and macrophages
|
|
|
coreceptors are needed for ________ which are also necessary for HIV to attach
|
chemokines
|
|
|
why do the anti-HIV antibodies developed by the infected person fail to prevent AIDS?
|
virus has the ability to remain latent
|
|
|
RNA from HIV is released into host cell where is it transcribed into _____ by the _____ _________ enzyme
|
DNA, reverse transcriptase
|
|
|
true or false, the aids virus has a high mutation rate
|
true
|
|
|
HIV can mutaate more than a _______ times in just one individual
|
million
|
|
|
what enzyme makes frequent mistakes and has no proof-reading mechanism?
|
reverse transcriptase
|
|
|
how many days after the initial infection will a person test positive for antibodies to HIV
|
12
|
|
|
the hole size in the best surgical gloves is no smaller than ____ micrometers, the diameter of HIV is approx _____ nanometers
|
10, 10000
|
|
|
what is a communicable disease and an example?
|
disease spreads from host to host, ex. the flu
|
|
|
what is a non communicable disease and an example?
|
disease does not spread from host to host ex. tetanus
|
|
|
what is a contagious disease?
|
easily spread from one host to another
|
|
|
with regards to frequency of disease, what is incidence?
|
number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period
|
|
|
with regards to frequency of disease, what is prevalence?
|
# of ppl in a population who develop a disease at a specified time regardless of when it first appeared
|
|
|
with regards to frequency of disease, what is sporatic?
|
disease only occurs infrequently (typohone fever)
|
|
|
with regards to frequency of disease, what is endemic?
|
a disease thats constantly prsent in a population
|
|
|
with regards to frequency of disease, whats epidemic?
|
how many ppl in a given area aquire a certain disease in a short period of time
|
|
|
with regards to frequency of disease, what is pandemic?
|
epidemic spreads world wide
|
|
|
define pathogens
|
disease causing microorganisms
|
