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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Metabolism (def.)
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Sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
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Catabolism (def.)
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Breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.
Exergonic (produce energy). |
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Anabolism (def.)
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Building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones.
Endergonic (require energy). |
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Redox Reaction (def.)
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Reduction (gain e-) coupled with oxidation (lose e-).
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Redox Reaction : NAD and FAD
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Common electron carrier.
NAD+ + H2 --> NADH + H+ FAD + H2 --> FADH2 |
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ATP (func.)
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Used to couple reactions (provide energy for endothermic reactions)
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Metabolic Diversity
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Autotrophs (self-feeders)
Heterotrophs (feeders on others) |
"-trophs"
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Autotrophs (2)
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Photoautotrophs - use light as a source of energy and CO2 as source of carbon.
Chemoautotrophs - use inorganic compounds for energy. |
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Heterotrophs (2)
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Photoheterotrophs - use light energy to use organic compounds.
Chemoheterotrophs - use energy from organic compounds directly. |
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Uses of Energy (3)
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Biosynthesis - prod. of chemicals through a series of reactions.
Movement - cell movement, internal movement, membrane transport. Bioluminescence - glowing. |
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Enzymes (def.)
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Catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy.
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Enzyme Requirements
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Reactions must be spontaneous.
Each enzyme binds to a specific substrate. Enzymes are reused. |
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Enzyme Function
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E + S --> ES --> EP --> E + P
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Mechanism of Enzymatic Action (4 steps)
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Substrate binds to active side of enzyme.
Temporary intermediate compound forms, enzyme-substrate complex. Substrate molecule is transformed. Enzyme releases products. |
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Enzyme Regulation
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Environment (temperature, pH, substrate concentration)
Activation (coenzymes - organic, e.g. vitamins; cofactors - inorganic, e.g. minerals) Inhibition (competitive, noncompetitive regulation, feedback inhibition) |
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Competitive Inhibition (def.)
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Inhibitor binds to active site of enzyme.
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Non-competitive Regulation or Allosteric Inhibition (def.)
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Inhibitor binds to another (allosteric) site on enzyme, preventing substrate from binding to active site.
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Feedback Inhibition (def.)
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Allosteric inhibitor inhibits the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway.
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Cellular Respiration (def.)
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An ATP-generating process in which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is (almost always) an inorganic molecule.
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Types of Respiration (2)
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Aerobe (requires oxygen)
Anaerobe (no oxygen required) |
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Cellular Respiration : Coenzymes (2)
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NAD
FAD |
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Cellular Respiration : Steps (4)
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Glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA formation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport System |
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Cellular Respiration : Reaction
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
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Glycolysis (process)
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"Splitting of sugar"
Glucose (1 x C6) --> pyruvic acid (2 x C3) 10-step process Requires 2 ATP, produces 4 ATP (net gain: 2 ATP for each oxidized glucose molecule) |
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Acetyl-CoA Formation
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Yields 2 NADH (1 per pyruvate)
Pyruvate + CoA --> CO2 + Acetyl-CoA |
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Krebs Cycle
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Yield: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
C4 (oxaloacetate) + Acetyl-CoA --> citrate (C6) + CoA C6 --> C5 --> C4 yielding 2 CO2 + energy |
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Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis
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Occurs on membrane
Converts energy carried by NADH and FADH2 to ATP (3/NAD, 2/FAD) |
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Chemiosmosis
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Production of ATP by a proton (H+) gradient.
Protons have been pumped into inner/outer membrane space. High concentration drives movement of protons back across membrane. ATP synthase: force of proton movement powers ATP synthesis Electrons accepted by various molecules. |
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Cellular Respiration : Balance Sheet (Total # of ATP produced)
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38 ATP (34 from 10 NAD and 2 FAD)
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Fermentation (def.)
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A "shortcut" respiration process.
Regenerates NAD+ to run glycolysis. This produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation only. Inefficient, but very fast and no O2 required. |
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Types of Fermentation (2)
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Alcohol fermentation - by yeast; ethanol and CO2 produced.
Lactic acid fermentation - by humans; lactic acid produced. |
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Lipid and Protein Catabolism
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Fats and proteins enter in different places of respiration.
Triacylglycerol is broken down to fatty acid and glycerol. Proteins are broken down into amino acids and deaminated |
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Photosynthesis (formula)
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + O2
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Photosynthesis : Types of Reactions (2)
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Light-dependent
Light-independent |
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Light-dependent Photosynthesis
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Makes ATP and NADPH using light.
Cyclic photophosphorylation makes only ATP and recycles electron. Noncyclic makes both ATP and NADPH. Electron goes to NADPH. |
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Light-independent Photosynthesis
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Calvin cycle - 3 CO2 in, 1 C3 out per turn; 9 ATP used.
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