Microscopic Examination

Used for routine urinalysis

Enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices, such as hyaline casts, mixed cellular casts, mucous threads and trichomonas

Aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty cast and crystals

Aids in identification of treponema pallidum

A technique used in the clinical lab to enhance visualization of specimen that cannot be seen easily viewed with a bright field microscope

Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by fluorescent dye

Produces a three dimensional microscopy image and layer by layer imaging of a specimen

The modulation contrast has 3 zones of light emissions

Specimen volume

Perform initial magnification of the object on the mechanical stage

Further magnify the object that has been enhanced by the objective for viewing

Moves the mechanical stage noticeably up and down until the object comes into view for initial focusing

Adjustment to sharpen the image

Ability of the lens to distinguish two small objects that are a specific distance apart

Illumination for the modern microscope is provided by a

It regulates the intensity of the light

Focuses the light on the specimen and controls the light for uniform illumination

Control the amount of light and the angle of light rays that pass to the specimen and lens, which affect the resolution, contrast and depth of the field of image; by adjusting the aperture diaphragm to 75% of the numerical aperture of the objective, maximum resolution is achieved

Controls the diameter of the light beam reaching the slide and is adjusted for optimal illumination

Centrifugation

Volume of sediment after decantation

Volume of sediment examination

Identifies WBC, epithelial cells and cast

Differentiates WBC and renal tubular epithelial cells

Identifies free fat droplets and lipid containing cells and casts

Identifies bacterial casts

Identifies urinary eosinophils

Identifies yellow brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts

First procedure to standardize the quantitation of formed elements in the urine microscopic analysis

REPORTING

RBC, WBC, RTE cells and Oval fat bodies

Reporting

Cast

Reporting

Epithelial cells , crystal & others

Appear as crenated/shrink

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Tapered oval head with long, thin tail

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Single or clumped threads with low refractive index

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Tapered oval head with long, thin tail

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Single or clumped threads with low refractive index

Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Tapered oval head with long, thin tail

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Single or clumped threads with low refractive index

Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys

Capsule-like

Colorless homogeneous matrix

Most frequently seen casts

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Tapered oval head with long, thin tail

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Single or clumped threads with low refractive index

Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys

Capsule-like

Colorless homogeneous matrix

Most frequently seen casts

Orange red color, cast matrix containing RBC

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Tapered oval head with long, thin tail

Irritation or bleeding in urinary tract or kidney

Single or clumped threads with low refractive index

Only elements found in urine that are unique to the kidneys

Capsule-like

Colorless homogeneous matrix

Most frequently seen casts

Orange red color, cast matrix containing RBC

Cast matrix containing WBC

Increase WBC in urine

Large flat cells of bladder or superficial layer of the urethra or vagina.

Spherical, polyhedral or caudate with centrally located nucleus

Rectangular, columnar , round, oval or cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin stained or hemosiderin-laden

Highly refractile RTE cells

Small spherical and rob shape structure

Not normally present in urine but contaminated when passing out in the urethra

Small, oval, refractile structures with buds and or mycelia

Ova in urine with blood

Tapered oval head with long, thin tail

Cast which contain numerous bacteria

Cast which contain numerous bacteria

RTE cells attached to protein matrix

Cast which contain numerous bacteria

RTE cells attached to protein matrix

Highly refractile cast with jagged ends and notches

Broader than hyaline cast